Steps in Hypothesis Testing Essay Example for Free

Steps in Hypothesis Testing Essay My research topic is a correlation study between quantity of water intake and number of sleeping hours for humans. I became interested in the topic when a friend of mine shared an interesting belief of his culture that drinking too much water can upset sleep. Although this is not the exact topic that I am choosing for this study, I believe that the groundwork for that research interest is to determine whether or not the average number of glasses of water that a person drinks in a day has any relationship with that person’s average number of sleeping hours. This is data that can be collected through a survey of at least 30 respondents to make the sample large. In following the 5 steps of hypothesis testing, my null hypothesis would be that there is no significant relationship between the average number of glasses of water consumed in a day and average number of sleeping hours (H0: Ï = 0) (Lane, 2007). This implies that my alternative hypothesis is that there is a significant relationship between the said variables (H1: Ï Ã¢â€°   0).The hypothesis will be tested at a 0.05 significance level. The statistic that will be used is the Pearson r correlation coefficient which will be computed using appropriate statistical software. Its probability value will be determined and compared against the 0.05 confidence level. If the probability value exceeds the confidence level, then the null hypothesis is accepted, and we can conclude that there is no significant relationship between the average number of glasses of water consumed in a day and average number of sleeping hours. If the p-value is less than or equal to the confidence level, then the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis.   Reference Lane, D. (2007). Steps in Hypothesis Testing. Retrieved January 24, 2008 from: http://davidmlane.com/hyperstat/B35642.html

Richard Marcinko :: essays research papers

Richard Marcinko A brilliant virtuoso of violence, Richard Marcinko rose through the Navy ranks to create and command one of America's most elite and classified counterterrorist units, Seal Team Six. Then Marcinko was given orders to create Red Cell, a team of the best counterterrorists, whose job was to check the security of the military's top installations. Richard Marcinko was the ultimate rogue warrior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, born Thanksgiving Day, 1940, Marcinko was from a poor, broken home. He was always very independent, having a paper route at five and cutting school classes regularly. At the age of fifteen, he got a job at a local restaurant. At the age of seventeen, he quit school and joined the Navy. After two years as a teletype clerk, he convinced his Commanding Officer to send him to UDT, Underwater Demolition Team, training.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later, in June 1966, he joined Seal Team Two and went to Vietnam. He served two tours there and came back a decorated war hero. After his return to the United States, he became Commanding Officer of Seal Team Two, where he served for eight years. Then, he came up with the idea of the Navy's first counterterrorist unit, Seal Team Six.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now, the most important contribution Richard Marcinko made was his idea of Seal Team Six. Seal Team Six was created as part of the CounterTerrorist Joint Task Force, a group which includes one elite unit each from the Navy, the Army, and the FBI. Marcinko was given permission and unlimited expenses from the Pentagon to create this highly elite group. He was then named Commanding Officer of Seal Team Six, which he served as for three years. This elite unit has went on classified missions from Central America to the Middle East, the North Sea, Africa, and beyond. Then Marcinko was given orders to create Red Cell. Red Cell's job was to check the security of the military's top facilities and installations. It was made up of the twelve best counterterrorists in the world. After going to several facilities and proving the security was terrible,

Effects of Deforestation

Tropical rain forest is very important for our nature such as for ecosystem balance, earth temperature and flora and fauna habitat. In our country Malaysia, most of the forest are announced as a forest reserve to preserve our forest from destroyed. Not only important to flora and fauna but also to people. For some people, their lives depends on forest. However, deforestation activity by irresponsible people has led to imbalanced ecosystem. First of all, the effect of deforestation is pollution especially water pollution. This problem occurred when people often cut down the trees illegally. So, there are no roots to hold and prevent the soil from fall down. The soil that does not have roots to hold it can easily fall down into the river. Consequently, the water becomes polluted. Cloudy and shallow. From this, the aquatic life ecosystem will be threatened and damaged. Another effect of the deforestation is flora extinction. As we all know, forest is the habitat of most species for flora. For instance, raflesia, nepenthis, ferns, and various kinds of wood. The loggers who cut down the trees do not care whether the kind of trees is mature or immature. As a result, the trees which is flora habitat will be damaged. The flora will die and extinct due to this problem. Finally, we can see clearly the bad effects from deforestation. If this problem still happen, our forest will be damaged and vanish. In that case, our next generation will not have a chance to know all these valuable flora. So that, government and people should work together to overcome this problem.

The Third Man By Richard Rodriguez - 1478 Words

The small city of Brownsville is small in both population and mind. Even though there are individuals who commute morning and night from country to country, there is no unity. Growing up, I had never experienced a â€Å"diverse† city. In the city of Brownsville, Hispanics are the majority. As a result, individuals who saw somebody of a different race or ethnicity would make negative and offensive comments towards them. At times, these offensive comments were accidental. Other times, the offensive comments were on purpose and intended to appear humorous to friends. Apart from discriminatory remarks to outsiders, this happened amongst people of my Hispanic community. Richard Rodriguez, author of Brown: The Last Discovery of America, tackles†¦show more content†¦One day in the 1960s, the success of the Negro Civil Rights movement encouraged Hispanics (along with other groups of Americans) to insist on the coveted black analogy, and thus claim the spoils of affirmative action. The â€Å"coveted black analogy†, which Rodriguez states that Hispanics â€Å"insist[ed]† on, can be viewed as an acknowledgment to the suffering that African Americans experienced. Due to this struggle, African Americans were one of the primary groups that affirmative action was meant to help. As a result, Rodriguez implies that by seeing the benefits that African Americans were receiving, Hispanics wanted to be included as well. In Rodriguez’s perspective, this led Hispanics to â€Å"claim the spoils of affirmative action† even though they were not the group that affirmative action was initially geared toward. Overall, the chapter, which focuses on â€Å"Hispanicity†, impacted me because I began to formulate ideas which opposed those that had been hammered into my mind all my life. For so long I had heard that minorities were victims to oppression by whites and for that reason minorities should strive to do more than what is expected from them. In reading Rodriguez’s claim, questions that had never been explored in my development arose in my mind such as â€Å"Are Hispanics really the victims?†, â€Å"Do Hispanics truly strive to their fullest to accomplish things that have never been done?†, and lastly, â€Å"Are Hispanics committing acts of hypocrisy?†. If a HispanicShow MoreRelatedRace and Richard Rodriguez3792 Words   |  16 Pages140 Chapter 4 Definition â€Å"Blaxicans† and Other Reinvented Americans Richard Rodriguez The son of immigrant Mexican parents in San Francisco, Richard Rodriguez (b. 1944) grew up in a Mexican American section of Sacramento. He was educated in Catholic grammar and high schools, and he attended Stanford and Columbia universities, where he took a bachelor’s and a master’s degree, as well as the Warburg Institute in Great Britain. He is the winner of a Fulbright Fellowship, a National EndowmentRead MoreThe Chicago Police Department Essay1654 Words   |  7 PagesConstable Quinn was given a warrant to serve the individual who had escaped custody during the attack; arriving back to the Sands he seen the man who had attacked him and the man attacked him once more. This time Quinn was thrown to the ground and he suffered from many kicks resulting in fractured ribs and a punctured lung. He returned to the Sands for a third time after these attacks and finally arrested the original suspect and the individual who had attacked him. Quinn’s condition began to worsenRead MoreEssay on Reaching for a Dream in Literature1381 Words   |  6 Pagesher efforts and determination in pursuing that goal is the one who will succeed. However, there are dreamers who have misconceptions about the art of dreaming. In three pieces of literature I have encountered: â€Å"The Achievement of Desire† by Richard Rodriguez, â€Å" A Raisin in the Sun† by Lorraine Hansberry and â€Å"Fences† by August Wilson, its characters fight for their dreams regardless obstacles in their life. Nevertheless, they expose their sense of self-absorbance while seeking their dreams. DreamingRead MorePersonal Autobiography and My Similarities with Characters from Hispanic American Novelists2062 Words   |  9 Pagesavailable, others are not so fortunate. Growing up I lived an underprivileged life, where I faced a struggle not only with my socioeconomic status, but also with pursuing higher education, which has significantly influenced my political views. Like Richard Rodriguez in his autobiography, â€Å"Hunger of Memory,† I realized at a young age that devoting myself to education was the only escape from the life I was brought into. In my pursuit of higher education and redefining my socioeconomic status, I have facedRead MorePeace : The Beauty Of Enlightenment2599 Words   |  11 Pagesmodern times the a nswer is not obvious. Education has many grey areas when it comes to the question of its effects, long and short term. The authors Bonaventure, Marcus Tullius Cicero, Annie Dillard, John Henry Cardinal Newman, Richard Rodriguez, Thomas Wolfe, and Richard Wright all shed some light upon education with their works, â€Å"The Journey of the Mind into God†, â€Å"In Defense of the Poet Aulus Licinius Archias†, â€Å"An American childhood†, â€Å"The Idea of a University†, â€Å"Hunger of Memory†, â€Å"Young Faustus†Read MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1204 Words   |  5 PagesMaria V. Solis Sociology Henslin (2014) said â€Å"Richard Rodriguez represents millions of immigrants – not just those of Latino origin but those from other cultures, too-who want to integrate into U.S culture yet not betray their past. Fearing loss of their roots, they are caught between two cultures, each beckoning, each offering rich rewards† There are many reasons of why people migrate to the United States. One of them is the poverty of the country that they live in. People who have children andRead MoreThe Scalpel and the Silver Bear Essay1353 Words   |  6 Pagesthe operating room. She was raised in a small community in the Navajo Nation which spans territory the size of West Virginia and provides refuge to over 250,000 Navajos (Navajo). Alvord recalls that by nearly any standards it would be considered a third world country; most houses didn’t even have running water or electricity. The simple life style of the people on the reservation reflected that of their ancestors who lived in harmony with the universe and built relationships with the earth. Read MoreAir Travel: It May Not Be As Enjoyable, But It Is Safer Essay2208 Words   |  9 Pagessecurity possible, consistent with current threat levels and with reasonable consideration for the privacy of air travelers. Credible Threats Perhaps one of the most credible threats regarding airline security is the case of Richard Reid. Richard Reid was the man charged with trying to blow up a trans-Atlantic flight with explosives in his shoe. (CNN, 2002) It may not be known to some that Mr. Reid was actually held for questioning the day before and missed his flight. He attempted to boardRead MoreConflict : Species Endangerment And The Expansion Of Genetically Modified Food3426 Words   |  14 PagesMiguel Goncalves Professor Jason Groves English 114.14 18 November 2012 Ideological Conflict: Species Endangerment and the Expansion of Genetically Modified Corn in Southern Africa The idea of a man-made world is an increasing reality. Scholars and scientists alike now discuss the emergence of a geological era marking the beginning of major human alterations to the planet —our time. A growing amount of research suggests that environmental modifications have been severe enough to trigger speciesRead MoreMr. Bean4490 Words   |  18 Pageswithout it seeming rude or offensive because it is coming from a naive source and thats what Mr Bean seems like to me. I also like that Mr. Bean doesnt respect the elderly, or children, or guys, or,basically anyone . Just a childish, egotistical man who only cares about himself. I think that Mr. Bean is more popular with kids but also loved by adults too. Rowan Atkinson who interprets Mr. Bean is a good person with large experience about life which I think that is the reason that make him so

Marketing Plan For A New Advertisement Essay - 1952 Words

Creative Brief â™ £ Need for a New Advertisement: The Raymond advertisement targets a very small section of their market. It only targets people who want or require clothes that need to be customized. It also has a higher price point as compared to the original line of Raymond clothes. This makes it less receptive by the mass market. Since the ad is a TV commercial, it is targeted at the entire mass market, most of who will not be affected or interested by this ad. Suiting has become much more product-oriented. The feel and the finish of the suit and the fabric is considered the most important aspect. There are ads from competitors who claim to have better quality with a lower price point. This is a direct hit at Raymond and its suits. Raymond’s ‘Complete Man’ will have to change in order to adapt to a new generation, but without losing its integrity and values. Due to the Americanized values and the Silicon Valley culture, casual clothes are the new ‘in’ thing. It’s considered ‘cool’ to be casually dressed and to look uncomfortable in formal wear. Raymond needs to consider these factors and change their advertising strategies, which have been the same for decades, accordingly. â™ £ Objectives of the Advertisement: The objective of my new advertisement is reminder advertising. Reminder advertising is an advertising strategy used to remind the target audience about existing products. Reminder advertising is usually used by businesses that have already invested a lot ofShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Marketing On Other Business Areas Essay1633 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Interesting enough, when comparing marketing to other business areas, it is a very young discipline. Economics, accounting, production, management, and many other business areas have been practiced for many years. Marketing is a relatively new business discipline, which only recently emerged in the early 1900’s. The first use of non-print marketing came in the early 1920’s, as radio advertisements began to become popular. The use of radio advertisement grew in the 1930’s, due to the fact thatRead MoreTaking a Look at Expedia Inc.885 Words   |  4 PagesThe Expedia.Com offers the customers plans and services to travel around the world and to reserve the places of their choice. Expedia is currently working through Facebook, mobile apps and website offering the customers to find out new travel destinations, ideas and information about the hotels, flights and car rentals. The website also offers to book their flights and purchase the travel to travel to their dest inations. Expedia are constantly looking for new travel destinations, hotels and flightsRead MoreMcbride Financial Services1071 Words   |  5 PagesMcBride Financial Services-Marketing Plan University of Phoenix BSA 310-Business Systems McBride Financial Services-Marketing Plan The first step in any marketing plan should be marketing research. McBride Financial Services will be using a four step plan for gathering research for marketing. The goal of marketing research for McBride is to gather data from local chambers of commerce, visitors’ bureaus, and local realtors concerning the target market: professionals and retirees purchasingRead MoreMarketing Promotion Is On Spending Money1463 Words   |  6 PagesMost of the marketing promotion is about spending money. We need to send promotions at regular intervals, through specific campaigns and need to know the spread of the budget accordingly. The marketing budget will have details that are specific to each channel, competitions, retail discounts and corporate discounts. The overall budget will have contingency to increase advertisement to counter any competition or if completion matches, then increase the frequency of the promotions. Chennai Dining budgetRead MoreFacebook Advertising Strateg ies That Works Best For Your Campaign Essay1199 Words   |  5 Pagespeople indulge in online marketing and more especially, Facebook marketing. While it sounds straightforward and very simple to understand the advertising segments, there are many other things to avoid when marketing your business content on Facebook. Traffic coming from these places are very little, you’re the only guarantee of your friends whom you’ve established a close or mutual relationship with will visit. So, how do you make a plan to run a quality social media marketing for your brand and productRead MoreMarketing Communication Objectives1314 Words   |  5 PagesThe marketing communication objectives are determined by problems the firm come across and any market opportunities the firm has to resolve to overcome. It is important because it is used to evaluate communication; planning and decision making and to measure results. The major marketing communication objectives are creating brand awareness; defining a satisfying needs for the product and encourage action from targeted audience. Creating brand awareness is to notify the target audience about theRead MoreProduct Line Of Microwavable Meals1136 Words   |  5 PagesFive (5) Year Expansion Plan The first year of operations will be dedicated to launching the initial product line of microwavable meals. The company will focus its efforts on the initial product launch and advertising. During the first year, the company will evaluate sales on a quarterly basis and assess the potential for new products. In the second year, the company will invest money in Research Development for brand extensions and new product lines. During the second year, the company willRead MoreBusiness Analysis : Marketing Strategy956 Words   |  4 PagesCOURSE: Diploma of Business Enterprise UNIT OF STUDY: Marketing ASSESSMENT TYPE: Individual Assignment ASSESSMENT TITLE: PART 2 Student id: 4496643 Student name: Harjot Kaur Sahota Teacher name: Rocco Gargano Table of contents: Executive summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Marketing objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Target marketing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... Proposed marketing strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Marketing budget†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Executive summary: The blush hair and beauty studio (salon) is located in RingwoodRead MoreThe Major Strategic Shift Of Coca-Cola1416 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategies are taken that are aimed at increasing the profitability of the business. Coca-Cola Company has been on the rise beating competition from most of its rivals. The company uses marketing strategies to be able to attract more customers and be able to overcome the stiff competition. With the right marketing strategies, a company can increase its profits and hence increase its growth especially for a multinational corporation such as Coca-Cola. Therefore, each time a particular strategy doesRead MoreCase Study : Mason Surgical Masks1465 Words   |  6 Pagesprojected as a philosophy to clarify an arrangement in positive marketing movements of the premature 1940s. The USP states that such movements made exclusive proposals to clienteles that persuaded them to change products. Locating one’s USP necessitates some tough work and originality. One way to begin is to examine how other businesses use their USPs to their benefit. This involves cautious investigation of other businesses advertisements and advertising communications. If one examines what they say

After listen a audio clip about E-business and writing a summary note Essay

Essays on After listen a audio clip about E-business and writing a summary note Essay â€Å"How Companies Are ‘Defining Your Worth’ Online† The audio clip was anchored by Terry Gross, the host of Fresh Air from WHYY and his guest, Joseph Turow, the author of the book entitled â€Å""The Daily You: How the New Advertising Industry is Defining Your Identity and Your Worth" was interviewed regarding the technological intricacies pursued by advertisers through online sites. The interview focused on determining how advertisers and market trackers gather pertinent information from consumers and enable them to send appropriate advertisements to entice potential customers to buy their products or services. The use of cookies, as text files were reported to allow marketers to recognize what computers and sites that various users access and thereby enable them to track the users’ online movements. Gross began his interview by trying to determine the manner by which data trackers are able to collect and gather personal information using the sites visited by online users. Eventually, the interview delved into finding out how Google, specifically, makes money through advertisers’ posted displays. The concepts of content display advertising, digital advertising, setting up fan pages, and using social networking sites were expounded. Likewise, Turow illumined listeners on how data marketers and advertisers get to select their target markets through using demographical profiles, such as age, income level and gender. Likewise, Turow emphasized that the most significant trends that users of online sites would see more often are the increased preponderance for video ads, huge ads, banner ads and rich media ads. The discussion also delved into determining whether advertisers measure the effectiveness of their advertising strategies and their effect on other advertising media: say, the print medium through newspapers or magazines or broadcast medium, through television and radio. Gross raised the question on current concerns on online sites. Turow revealed that there are current issues relating to privacy, social discrimination and the level of respect for information. Turow eventually discussed the need for enforcing stricter policies for ensuring compliance and adherence to privacy and confidentiality. He compared American privacy policies with European privacy policies; and comparative practices of organizations such as Amazon and Google in terms of their respective designs of privacy policies and their enforcement, as expected. Also these big networking companies were disclosed to needing adherence to using ethical standards and professionalism and not merely focus on trying to outdo each other. Concurrently, Turow also compared the practices of advertisers in gathering information with those techniques used by politicians. As emphasized, politicians are tailoring advertisements and campaigns to people in practically the same way that advertising agencie s are doing in contemporary times. Works Cited Turow, Joseph. How Companies Are Defining Your Worth Online Terry Gross. 22 February 2012. Web. 28 February 2012, from http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=147189154

Avoiding Common Nursing Errors

Question: Describe about the Avoiding Common Nursing Errors? Answer: Abstract The quantitative research study conducted with the intent to analyze the competence and knowledgebase of nursing professionals in executing nasogastric (NG) intubation to patients in the clinical setting. The study also evaluated the efficiency of nurses in maintaining nasogastric tube following its insertion to the patients requiring enteral feeding or aspiration. The randomized study limited to the timeframe of three weeks and attempted to include 40 registered nurses working in the intensive care unit of Bankstown Hospital for obtaining their responses in terms of questionnaire disseminated to evaluate the degree of competence among nursing professionals in context to administering nasogastric tube insertion to the patients population. The research questionnaire encapsulated in sealed envelopes and distributed to the lockers of registered nurses for processing and retrieved within the stipulated timeframe for analysis. The responses in the questionnaire statistically analyzed and confirmed that majority of the research participants confident in administering nasogastric tube (NGT) to the patients requiring enteral feeding. Furthermore, the study subjects displayed the experience and potential in terms of aspirating and flushing the NGT. The nursing professionals also shared their willingness in attending educational sessions to further improve their efficiency and skills in context to nasogastric intubation for enteral purposes. Keywords: Nasogastric, NGT, Nurses, questionnaire, enteral, flushing, feeding, aspiration Clinical Study Report The NGT insertion executed with the intent of accessing the stomach to drain its content, decompress the gastric region or perform gastric sampling while creating a passage through the gastrointestinal tract. This intubation indeed proceeded to initiate enteral feeding in cases of gastrointestinal morbidities including small bowel obstruction, postoperative ileus, and gastric paralysis (Guenter Silkroski, 2001, p. 155). Furthermore, failure to thrive, intestinal malabsorption and feeding aversion include some of the clinical comorbidities warranting insertion of nasogastric tube as evidenced by the clinical literature. The other requirement of NGT insertion relates to gastric lavage in cases of drug intoxication or traumatic conditions. The NG intubation is a well known clinical intervention employed in cases of gastrointestinal abnormalities for preventing aspiration of contents and vomiting following the enteral feeding. The nasogastric intubation is advantageous in the assessment of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in context to devising therapeutic or surgical interventions following the nasogastric evaluation. However, the contraindications regarding NGT insertion require careful assessment in context to patients clinical complexity to avoid potential complications following the nasogastric intervention. These contraindications include coagulopathy, nasal obstruction, esophageal stenosis and patients reluctance in undergoing nasogastric intervention following the clinical requirement (Kirby Dudrick, 1994, p. 90). The complications following the insertion of NGT include clogging, nasal trauma, aspiration, pneumothorax, otitis media, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, reflux esophagitis, otitis media and tube dislodgement as evidenced by the clinical literature. The nursing professionals require in depth knowledge of the NG intubation and probable complications in efficiently administering feed or medication to the respective patients. Furthermore, the necessary prec autions including utilization of gloves, masks and gown warranted in context to avoiding contact with the body fluids of patients or handling traumatic conditions during NG intubation. The clinical study conducted with the intent to analyze the competence of registered nurse professionals in terms of administering nasogastric tube and rendering its maintenance to ascertain error free provision of feeding or medication to the required patients population. Literature Review The basic equipments necessary to execute insertion of nasogastric tube include adhesive tape, lubricant, and syringe for catheter tip irrigation, nasogastric tube, drainage device, purified water, pH indicator strips, emesis basin and personal protective equipment (Kowalak, 2009, p. 659-660). The nursing professionals expected to gain expertise and competence for ensuring adequate placement of the NG tube prior to initiation of feeding or medication administration following the instructions by the physician. Its highly necessary for the qualified nurses to carefully analyze the physicians orders and descriptive protocol in context to the medical necessity to efficiently administer nasogastric tube to the target population (Rosdahl Kowalski, 2003, p. 351). Indeed, effective communication between the nurses and patients required to retain confidentiality and avoid deviation from safety protocols while rendering nasogastric intubation. The clinical literature reveals diarrhea and abdo minal distension as some of the most common symptoms experienced by patients undergoing enteral feeding through nasogastric tube (Bullock et al, p. 424). The qualified registered nurses require attaining expertise and knowledge in context to managing these common symptoms following the NG intubation. Baillie (2014:p.491) discusses the clinical protocol for administering nasogastric tube to the required candidates. Indeed, the nasogastric intubation requires execution with the approval of patients consulting physician in accordance with the clinical rationale described in the medical report. Indeed, the outcomes of the nasogastric intubation require careful monitoring to evaluate the successful administration of NG tube by the rendering nurse professional (Altman, 2010, p. 707). The research study conducted by Lee Mason (2013) evaluated the knowledge and competence of medical undergraduates in terms of inserting NG tubes to the patients. The results of the study indicated the lack o f confidence and knowledge among doctors in context to enteral feeding by the nasogastric tube, thereby warranting the need for conducting training sessions and workshops for the physicians to disseminate information regarding NG insertion in accordance with the clinical scenarios. Indeed, the physicians awareness in context to the technicalities of NGT insertion is highly required to avoid misplacement of the tube into respiratory tract resulting in life threatening morbidities including pneumothorax, pulmonary hemorrhage and aspiration pneumonia. Fitzpatrick Wallace (2012, p. 151) describe errors reported in context to inappropriate placement of NG tube, as evidenced by research studies. The clinical studies reveal the reported cases of intestinal malabsorption following erroneous placement of NG tube in patients duodenum resulting in abnormal weight gain and diarrhea. Indeed, the monitoring of nasogastric intubation between intervals of feeding and medication administration warr anted to rule out complications in context to tubal administration. Hopp Rittenmeyer (p. 274) emphasize the need for radiographic validation to ensure proper placement of nasogastric tube. Contrarily, the induction of positional change of NG tube warranted to ascertain appropriate tubal placement for avoiding any possibility of clogging or aspiration pneumonia. The lab analysis of the tubal aspirate in terms of consistency and color also provides some clue about the probable misplacement requiring immediate medical intervention. Mills (2006, p. 179) describes the requirement of NG tube insertion for administering medications during the postoperative period. The clinical literature recommends placing the patients in low Fowlers position for inserting NG tube during the postoperative care. Tollefson (2004, p. 117) describes the procedure for NG tube insertion and psychomotor skills warranted by the healthcare professionals to ensure safe and uncomplicated intubation to the required p atients. The clinical studies reveal the short-term requirement of nasogastric tube for enteral feeding in the clinical setting (Fabbro et al, 2010, p. 262). Indeed, frequent malposition of the NG tubes result in feeding mismanagement and adverse influence on the social functioning of the treated population. Therefore, careful administration of NG tube is imperative in avoiding potential complications arising due to tubal mismanagement by the nursing professionals. Furthermore, the adequate looping of the taped bridle around the nasogastric tube assists in tubal feeding and generating confidence in nurses in context to reducing the probability of feeding inadequacy due to inappropriate intubation. The quantitative research study conducted by Indiana University School of Nursing (2008) evaluated the competence of nursing professionals in terms of assessment of methods employed for nasogastric intubation to the patients population. The study revealed the practice of NEX (Nose-Ear-Xiph oid) method by several nursing professionals for NG intubation. However, few nurses utilized protocol related to pH testing and aspiration of gastric contents in context to evidence based practice to ensure appropriate placement of tubes to the target patients. Indeed, the necessity of conducting regular training sessions and educational seminars regularly emphasized by the clinical studies to ascertain proper positioning of NG tubes with the intent to avoid potential feeding complications following the tubal misplacement. The most important drawback of NEX tubal insertion includes dropping the lower end of the tube in patients esophagus with inappropriate frequency. This indeed, increases the scope of tubal misplacement leading to gastrointestinal complications. The literature review reveals the requirement of NG intubation in context to enteral feeding pertaining to the span of not more than six weeks duration. However, the utilization of evidence based approaches and methods for tubal insertion and feeding highly warranted by the nursing professionals to facilitate the intubation process and reduce the probability of tubal misplacement and its potential gastrointestinal complications resulting in life threatening morbidities among the patients population. Sample The study utilized a sample size of 40 registered nurses pertaining to intensive care unit for conducting the survey in terms of the research questionnaire requiring processing by the selected nurses within a timeframe of three weeks duration. The inclusion criteria of the research study followed the convention of contact the registered nursing professionals with exposure to nasogastric intubation services in the hospital setting. However, the non-registered professionals, retired nurses and interns were excluded from the research study. Only 31 registered nursing professionals were able to accomplish the survey questions in accordance with the provided instructions. Four of the registered nursing professionals excluded from the overall analysis because of their inability to process the research questionnaire in entirety. Indeed, three nurses did not receive the survey questionnaire due to their prescheduled vacation. Two of the nursing participants did not display interest in the survey and therefore, quitted and did not accomplish the provided questionnaire. The prior approval from ethics committee of the hospital obtained in context to initiating the study and informed consent forms provided to each participant for their approval with written commitment to retain confidentiality during and after the study duration. Procedure The recruitment of the nursing professionals executed through disseminating the following questionnaire in the sealed envelopes and the findings committed for publication in peer reviewed journal while retaining confidentiality of the nurses personal information, as committed in the informed consent form. How confident are you in inserting a Nasogastric tube? How comfortable are you in aspirating a nasogastric tube? How comfortable are you in feeding a patient via a nasogastric tube? How confident are you in flushing a nasogastric tube? How confident are you in positioning a patient for tube insertion? How well do you understand the common methods of checking NGT placement? How confident are you in checking for tube placement? How confident are you in accurately measuring the tube for insertion depth? How confident are you in supervising a colleague with the procedure of inserting a NGT? Would you like obtaining more training on this subject? Results The results obtained on a grade of 1 10 in terms of responses by the registered nursing professionals. Variables Grades Never Done Marginal Average Confident V. Confident How confident are you in inserting a Nasogastric tube 2 (6.4%) 5 (16.12%) 13 (41.93%) 6 (19.35%) 5 (16.12) How comfortable are you in aspirating a nasogastric tube 0 (0%) 5 (16.12%) 8 (25.8%) 7 (22.5%) 11 (35.48%) How comfortable are you in feeding a patient via a nasogastric tube 0 (0%) 2 (6.4%) 10 (32.2%) 9 (29%) 10 (32.2%) How confident are you in flushing a nasogastric tube 0 (0%) 1 (3.22%) 12 (38.70%) 7 (22.5%) 11 (35.48%) How confident are you in positioning a patient for tube insertion 0 (0%) 3 (9.67%) 8 (25.8%) 8 (25.8%) 12 (38.70%) How well do you understand the common methods of checking NGT placement 1 (3.22%) 6 (19.35%) 14 (45.16%) 5 (16.12%) 5 (16.12%) How confident are you in checking for tube placement 5 (16.12%) 7 (22.5%) 12 (38.70%) 4 (12.90%) 3 (9.67%) How confident are you in accurately measuring the tube for insertion depth 3 (9.67%) 5 (16.12%) 9 (29%) 9 (29%) 5 (16.12%) How confident are you in supervising a colleague with the procedure of inserting a NGT 10 (32.2%) 4 (12.90%) 6 (19.35%) 7 (22.5%) 4 (12.90%) Would you like obtaining more training on this subject No I Dont mind Yes Certainly I am trained 0 (0%) 11 (35.48%) 10 (32.2%) 10 (32.2%) 1 (3.22%) Discussion The study results indicate that most of the registered nursing professionals obtained an average score in almost entire study variables. More than nineteen percent of nursing professionals could insert NG tube confidently; however, almost forty-two percent scored average in terms of inserting nasogastric tube to the patients population. This indicates that greater percentage of nursing professionals capable in terms of executing NG tube placement policy and procedures, as evidenced by the clinical literature (Alpers et al, 2008, p. 352). Indeed, more than thirty-five percent of the nursing professionals displayed considerable confidence in terms of their comfort in aspirating nasogastric tube in various clinical scenarios. This indicates that these nursing professionals are proficient in context to aspirating the gastric contents to evaluate the residual feeding volume, delayed stomach emptying and patterns of gastric intolerance in terms of managing the enteral nutrition (Smeltzer e t al, 2007, p. 566). More than thirty-eight percent of registered nurses displayed confidence in positioning the patient for tube insertion. This indicates that these professionals are completely aware of the protocols of NG tube insertion in accordance with the documentation in evidence based clinical literature. Indeed, the correct positioning of the patient for NG tube insertion determined in context to assessing the clinical condition and selecting the precise distance of the enteral tube for evaluating its appropriate position following the successful insertion (Mallett et al, 2013, p. 1966). The appropriate positioning of the NG tube is of paramount importance to avoid any inadvertent insertion to brain or lungs, thereby leading to serious clinical complications. In fact, most of the nursing professionals exhibited confidence and comfort in feeding the patients through nasogastric tube. This indicates that nursing professionals are well aware of the entire feeding requirements through nasogastric i ntubation in context to the evidence based literature. Guenter Silkroski (2001, p. 156) reveal the paediatric indications for nasogastric feeding including infantile diarrheal syndrome, increased feeding time and malnourishment. The study results indicate that more than thirty-five percent of the registered nurses displayed confidence in terms of their potential in flushing the nasogastric tube. This clearly indicates that majority of the nurses are well aware of the technicalities and complications associated with nasogastric tubal flushing. Indeed, the practice of appropriate techniques for nasogastric tubal flushing highly warranted in avoiding fatalities associated with misplacement or inappropriate flushing of the nasogastric tube. Boyd (2013) describes the events of patients deaths associated with inappropriate flushing of nasogastric tubes prior to the confirmation of their initial placement leading to pulmonary trauma and consequent deaths of the treated patients. The results of the research survey reveal that more than sixteen percent of the study participants showed considerable confidence in practicing common methods of checking NGT placement in patients. However, more than forty-five percent of n urses stood average in their knowledge for evaluating the NGT placement. Allbee et al (2011, p. 501) reveal the prevalent techniques including hand aspiration, evaluation through stethoscope and injection of air through NG tube for confirming its appropriate placement inside patients stomach. Indeed, more than thirty-eight percent of the study participants scored average in terms of their confidence in evaluating the NG tubal placement. These findings indicate that the study participants display awareness in context to the tubal placement methodology; however, they still require further training to increase their confidence levels in terms of placing the NG tube to the respective patients for proactively avoiding potential complications related to the malposition of the NG tube due to errors in its placement. The study survey indicates that more than twenty nine percent of the study subjects confident in measuring the tube in terms of its depth of insertion. The clinical literature reveals the importance of determining the depth of NG tubal invasion with respect to the associated risk potential. Indeed, the standard procedure for determining NG tubal length in context to its placement includes the measurement from the ear until its tip placed inferiorly to the xiphoid process (Beebe Myers, 2010, p. 451). In fact, more than 12.90% nurses showed the potential for training and supervising their colleagues in the insertion of nasogastric tube. However, more than 32.2% professionals shared their willingness in obtaining further training to enhance their skills and expertise in nasogastric tubal insertion. The discussion of the study findings clearly reveals the importance of the relevant expertise, competence and skills among registered nursing professionals in inserting the nasogastric tube to the eligible patients. Indeed, the conditions of gastric inflation, gastric distension, gastritis and gastroesophageal reflux disease increase the probability of aspiration, vomiting and ventilatory compromise that require careful monitoring by the nursing professionals while inserting the NG tube in different clinical scenarios. The nasogastric intubation proves to be the method of choice for aspiring or feeding the patients experiencing intestinal insufficiency or drug intoxication. Furthermore, the nursing professionals bear the professional and moral responsibility to understand the potential contraindications and complications in context to NGT insertion to render quality of care while administering feed or medication through NG intubation. The clinical literature reveals that patients wit h potential esophageal stenosis or varices not subjected to receive nasogastric intubation. Additionally, patients predisposed to basilar skull fractures also should not receive NG intubation for feeding or medication. The application of lidocaine and nasal decongestant warranted prior to NGT insertion to facilitate the process and nursing professionals require in depth understanding in terms of administering these pre-medications to facilitate the NG tubal administration. Nursing professionals require considering the stiffness of NG tubes while inserting them inside the eligible candidates. Indeed, the stiff tubes can easily penetrate the gastrointestinal tract and reduce the risk of gastric or esophageal injury or misplacement into pulmonary location as evidenced by the clinical literature. The guiding principles of NG tubal insertion warrant the utilization of guide wire and radiologic intervention to ascertain the appropriate positioning of NG tube for avoiding potential complic ations following the malposition due to inappropriate insertion. Furthermore, the utilization of appropriate sterilization techniques and surgical equipments warranted to avoid the probability of occurrence of infectious manifestations following the tubal insertion. The measurement of the NG tube in relation to the length of intubation assists in proper placement following its systematic insertion. The patients require positioning in high fowler state in accordance with the physicians instructions prior to administering the NG tube following the medical necessity. The lubrication of the NG tube with anaesthetic gel required to induce local analgesia for reducing the pain experienced during the intubation process. The tube facilitated through patients wider nostril and directed to esophagus until it reaches finally to the stomach. The tube is fixated while decompressing the gastric contents prior to initiating feeding or medication. The tube requires regular maintenance by the nursin g professionals in terms of flushing with air or saline in timely intervals to avoid obstruction or clogging. The validation of appropriate positioning of NG tube executed with the application of additional tests including whoosh test, chest radiograph and pH analysis. Furthermore, the nursing professionals require evaluating NG tube periodically following the initial placement and particularly prior to each feeding, and in cases of triggering of coughing and vomiting for checking secondary infection following the insertion. The dislodgement of the NG tube requires immediate attention by the nursing staff for appropriate remedial action in context to avoiding trauma and discomfort to the patient. Indeed, the qualified nursing professionals require competence and knowledge in context to NG tubal insertion and maintenance in relation to the medical necessities requiring NG intervention to facilitate patients medication or feeding. Conclusion The study concluded with the findings indicating that most of the study subjects evaluated during the research survey displayed average scores in all variables accessed to evaluate their efficiency and knowledge in administering and maintaining the NG tube in context to patients medical necessities. This certainly indicates the need to conduct prospective educational campaigns and seminars with the intent of further educating the nursing professionals regarding potential complications and traumatic conditions following the NG tubal insertion. The skills and competence level of more than one-third of the nursing professionals remained below average in accordance with the findings of the study. This indeed, warrants further investigation through prospective multicentre research studies of longer duration and increased sample size to determine the exact knowledge gaps and deficit in potential and competence among registered nurses in terms of inserting and maintaining nasogastric tubes to the required patients population. The research survey further reveals that only 6.4% of the study candidates never had the change to insert NG tube to patients. This indicates that almost all of the research participants have experience to variable extents in context to nasogastric tubal placement. Furthermore, the findings of the study prove that all research participants had the opportunity to aspirate and flush the nasogastric tube during their professional tenure. This proves that all of the nursing professionals are proficient in aspirating NG tubes to variable proportion. Indeed, most of the study subject showed confidence e in terms of aspirating NG tube to the eligible patients. This indicates that the prospective training programs require more emphasis on the insertion and management of NG tubes rather than mere aspiration principles. The research survey concluded that 96.78 % of the nursing professions shown their willingness to attend the training program for enhancing their skills and expertise in NG intubation and management process. This further indicates the scope of conducting prospective interactive sessions and training programs for the nursing professionals in the wider context of enhancing their potential and quality of care while imparting NG tubes to the patients population. The study concluded with the finding that 12.90% of the research participants pertain to the section of senior nurses capable to supervise and impart training sessions to the junior nursing professionals. Indeed, the quantitative research study explored the competence level of nursing professionals in terms of insertion and management of NG tubes and retrieved the findings indicating wide range of awareness among registered nurses regarding administering the NG tubes to eligible candidates in context to their medical necessities. However, potential gaps in terms of study variables obtained indicating the lack of confidence between certain group of nurses in context to NG intubation and gaps in knowledge also explored in nursing groups with respect to accurately placing and positioning NG tube. Nurses also require training sessions to improve their skills and enhance knowledge regarding NG tubal feeding to the patients population. The research survey remained limited to a single clinical setting and explored the knowledgebase of very limited number of registered nurses. Therefore, the results of the research study are still debatable and the wider perspective of knowledge gaps between the nursing professionals in terms of NGT handling yet to be identified while conducting cross border studies across various hospital settings through disseminating research questionnaires and initiating face to face interactive sessions as well with the nursing professionals. The multiple findings through interview sessions and research questionnaires will assist the researchers in identifying the focus of the prospective skill enhancing training sessions for th e nurses with the intent to enhance their knowledge and expertise in context to handle NG tubes and their complications within the patients population. Most importantly, the senior nurses associated with the bigger surgical facilities across the globe require prospective assessment to determine their knowledgebase and precisely evaluate their potential in terms of identifying the areas of improvement in NG intubation. Indeed, the precision in nasogastric intubation will enhance the quality of care to the patients and assist in avoiding misplacement and malpositioning of the NG tubes due to errors in placement. Addressing these core issues in context to NG intubation by nurses will undoubtedly enhance the error free administration of NG feed and drugs while avoiding potential complications and injuries to the patients following the intubation. References Allbee, B.H., Marcucci, L., Garber, J.S., Gross, M., Lambert, S., McCraw, R.J., Slonim, A.D., Slonim, T.A. (2011). Avoiding Common Nursing Errors. USA: Wolters Kluwer Health. Alpers, D.H., Stenson, W. F., Taylor, B.E., Bier, D.M. (2008). Manual of Nutritional Therapeutics (5th edn.). 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