Marketing Plan For A New Advertisement Essay - 1952 Words

Creative Brief â™ £ Need for a New Advertisement: The Raymond advertisement targets a very small section of their market. It only targets people who want or require clothes that need to be customized. It also has a higher price point as compared to the original line of Raymond clothes. This makes it less receptive by the mass market. Since the ad is a TV commercial, it is targeted at the entire mass market, most of who will not be affected or interested by this ad. Suiting has become much more product-oriented. The feel and the finish of the suit and the fabric is considered the most important aspect. There are ads from competitors who claim to have better quality with a lower price point. This is a direct hit at Raymond and its suits. Raymond’s ‘Complete Man’ will have to change in order to adapt to a new generation, but without losing its integrity and values. Due to the Americanized values and the Silicon Valley culture, casual clothes are the new ‘in’ thing. 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After listen a audio clip about E-business and writing a summary note Essay

Essays on After listen a audio clip about E-business and writing a summary note Essay â€Å"How Companies Are ‘Defining Your Worth’ Online† The audio clip was anchored by Terry Gross, the host of Fresh Air from WHYY and his guest, Joseph Turow, the author of the book entitled â€Å""The Daily You: How the New Advertising Industry is Defining Your Identity and Your Worth" was interviewed regarding the technological intricacies pursued by advertisers through online sites. The interview focused on determining how advertisers and market trackers gather pertinent information from consumers and enable them to send appropriate advertisements to entice potential customers to buy their products or services. The use of cookies, as text files were reported to allow marketers to recognize what computers and sites that various users access and thereby enable them to track the users’ online movements. Gross began his interview by trying to determine the manner by which data trackers are able to collect and gather personal information using the sites visited by online users. Eventually, the interview delved into finding out how Google, specifically, makes money through advertisers’ posted displays. The concepts of content display advertising, digital advertising, setting up fan pages, and using social networking sites were expounded. Likewise, Turow illumined listeners on how data marketers and advertisers get to select their target markets through using demographical profiles, such as age, income level and gender. Likewise, Turow emphasized that the most significant trends that users of online sites would see more often are the increased preponderance for video ads, huge ads, banner ads and rich media ads. The discussion also delved into determining whether advertisers measure the effectiveness of their advertising strategies and their effect on other advertising media: say, the print medium through newspapers or magazines or broadcast medium, through television and radio. Gross raised the question on current concerns on online sites. Turow revealed that there are current issues relating to privacy, social discrimination and the level of respect for information. Turow eventually discussed the need for enforcing stricter policies for ensuring compliance and adherence to privacy and confidentiality. He compared American privacy policies with European privacy policies; and comparative practices of organizations such as Amazon and Google in terms of their respective designs of privacy policies and their enforcement, as expected. Also these big networking companies were disclosed to needing adherence to using ethical standards and professionalism and not merely focus on trying to outdo each other. Concurrently, Turow also compared the practices of advertisers in gathering information with those techniques used by politicians. As emphasized, politicians are tailoring advertisements and campaigns to people in practically the same way that advertising agencie s are doing in contemporary times. Works Cited Turow, Joseph. How Companies Are Defining Your Worth Online Terry Gross. 22 February 2012. Web. 28 February 2012, from http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=147189154

Avoiding Common Nursing Errors

Question: Describe about the Avoiding Common Nursing Errors? Answer: Abstract The quantitative research study conducted with the intent to analyze the competence and knowledgebase of nursing professionals in executing nasogastric (NG) intubation to patients in the clinical setting. The study also evaluated the efficiency of nurses in maintaining nasogastric tube following its insertion to the patients requiring enteral feeding or aspiration. The randomized study limited to the timeframe of three weeks and attempted to include 40 registered nurses working in the intensive care unit of Bankstown Hospital for obtaining their responses in terms of questionnaire disseminated to evaluate the degree of competence among nursing professionals in context to administering nasogastric tube insertion to the patients population. The research questionnaire encapsulated in sealed envelopes and distributed to the lockers of registered nurses for processing and retrieved within the stipulated timeframe for analysis. The responses in the questionnaire statistically analyzed and confirmed that majority of the research participants confident in administering nasogastric tube (NGT) to the patients requiring enteral feeding. Furthermore, the study subjects displayed the experience and potential in terms of aspirating and flushing the NGT. The nursing professionals also shared their willingness in attending educational sessions to further improve their efficiency and skills in context to nasogastric intubation for enteral purposes. Keywords: Nasogastric, NGT, Nurses, questionnaire, enteral, flushing, feeding, aspiration Clinical Study Report The NGT insertion executed with the intent of accessing the stomach to drain its content, decompress the gastric region or perform gastric sampling while creating a passage through the gastrointestinal tract. This intubation indeed proceeded to initiate enteral feeding in cases of gastrointestinal morbidities including small bowel obstruction, postoperative ileus, and gastric paralysis (Guenter Silkroski, 2001, p. 155). Furthermore, failure to thrive, intestinal malabsorption and feeding aversion include some of the clinical comorbidities warranting insertion of nasogastric tube as evidenced by the clinical literature. The other requirement of NGT insertion relates to gastric lavage in cases of drug intoxication or traumatic conditions. The NG intubation is a well known clinical intervention employed in cases of gastrointestinal abnormalities for preventing aspiration of contents and vomiting following the enteral feeding. The nasogastric intubation is advantageous in the assessment of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in context to devising therapeutic or surgical interventions following the nasogastric evaluation. However, the contraindications regarding NGT insertion require careful assessment in context to patients clinical complexity to avoid potential complications following the nasogastric intervention. These contraindications include coagulopathy, nasal obstruction, esophageal stenosis and patients reluctance in undergoing nasogastric intervention following the clinical requirement (Kirby Dudrick, 1994, p. 90). The complications following the insertion of NGT include clogging, nasal trauma, aspiration, pneumothorax, otitis media, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, reflux esophagitis, otitis media and tube dislodgement as evidenced by the clinical literature. The nursing professionals require in depth knowledge of the NG intubation and probable complications in efficiently administering feed or medication to the respective patients. Furthermore, the necessary prec autions including utilization of gloves, masks and gown warranted in context to avoiding contact with the body fluids of patients or handling traumatic conditions during NG intubation. The clinical study conducted with the intent to analyze the competence of registered nurse professionals in terms of administering nasogastric tube and rendering its maintenance to ascertain error free provision of feeding or medication to the required patients population. Literature Review The basic equipments necessary to execute insertion of nasogastric tube include adhesive tape, lubricant, and syringe for catheter tip irrigation, nasogastric tube, drainage device, purified water, pH indicator strips, emesis basin and personal protective equipment (Kowalak, 2009, p. 659-660). The nursing professionals expected to gain expertise and competence for ensuring adequate placement of the NG tube prior to initiation of feeding or medication administration following the instructions by the physician. Its highly necessary for the qualified nurses to carefully analyze the physicians orders and descriptive protocol in context to the medical necessity to efficiently administer nasogastric tube to the target population (Rosdahl Kowalski, 2003, p. 351). Indeed, effective communication between the nurses and patients required to retain confidentiality and avoid deviation from safety protocols while rendering nasogastric intubation. The clinical literature reveals diarrhea and abdo minal distension as some of the most common symptoms experienced by patients undergoing enteral feeding through nasogastric tube (Bullock et al, p. 424). The qualified registered nurses require attaining expertise and knowledge in context to managing these common symptoms following the NG intubation. Baillie (2014:p.491) discusses the clinical protocol for administering nasogastric tube to the required candidates. Indeed, the nasogastric intubation requires execution with the approval of patients consulting physician in accordance with the clinical rationale described in the medical report. Indeed, the outcomes of the nasogastric intubation require careful monitoring to evaluate the successful administration of NG tube by the rendering nurse professional (Altman, 2010, p. 707). The research study conducted by Lee Mason (2013) evaluated the knowledge and competence of medical undergraduates in terms of inserting NG tubes to the patients. The results of the study indicated the lack o f confidence and knowledge among doctors in context to enteral feeding by the nasogastric tube, thereby warranting the need for conducting training sessions and workshops for the physicians to disseminate information regarding NG insertion in accordance with the clinical scenarios. Indeed, the physicians awareness in context to the technicalities of NGT insertion is highly required to avoid misplacement of the tube into respiratory tract resulting in life threatening morbidities including pneumothorax, pulmonary hemorrhage and aspiration pneumonia. Fitzpatrick Wallace (2012, p. 151) describe errors reported in context to inappropriate placement of NG tube, as evidenced by research studies. The clinical studies reveal the reported cases of intestinal malabsorption following erroneous placement of NG tube in patients duodenum resulting in abnormal weight gain and diarrhea. Indeed, the monitoring of nasogastric intubation between intervals of feeding and medication administration warr anted to rule out complications in context to tubal administration. Hopp Rittenmeyer (p. 274) emphasize the need for radiographic validation to ensure proper placement of nasogastric tube. Contrarily, the induction of positional change of NG tube warranted to ascertain appropriate tubal placement for avoiding any possibility of clogging or aspiration pneumonia. The lab analysis of the tubal aspirate in terms of consistency and color also provides some clue about the probable misplacement requiring immediate medical intervention. Mills (2006, p. 179) describes the requirement of NG tube insertion for administering medications during the postoperative period. The clinical literature recommends placing the patients in low Fowlers position for inserting NG tube during the postoperative care. Tollefson (2004, p. 117) describes the procedure for NG tube insertion and psychomotor skills warranted by the healthcare professionals to ensure safe and uncomplicated intubation to the required p atients. The clinical studies reveal the short-term requirement of nasogastric tube for enteral feeding in the clinical setting (Fabbro et al, 2010, p. 262). Indeed, frequent malposition of the NG tubes result in feeding mismanagement and adverse influence on the social functioning of the treated population. Therefore, careful administration of NG tube is imperative in avoiding potential complications arising due to tubal mismanagement by the nursing professionals. Furthermore, the adequate looping of the taped bridle around the nasogastric tube assists in tubal feeding and generating confidence in nurses in context to reducing the probability of feeding inadequacy due to inappropriate intubation. The quantitative research study conducted by Indiana University School of Nursing (2008) evaluated the competence of nursing professionals in terms of assessment of methods employed for nasogastric intubation to the patients population. The study revealed the practice of NEX (Nose-Ear-Xiph oid) method by several nursing professionals for NG intubation. However, few nurses utilized protocol related to pH testing and aspiration of gastric contents in context to evidence based practice to ensure appropriate placement of tubes to the target patients. Indeed, the necessity of conducting regular training sessions and educational seminars regularly emphasized by the clinical studies to ascertain proper positioning of NG tubes with the intent to avoid potential feeding complications following the tubal misplacement. The most important drawback of NEX tubal insertion includes dropping the lower end of the tube in patients esophagus with inappropriate frequency. This indeed, increases the scope of tubal misplacement leading to gastrointestinal complications. The literature review reveals the requirement of NG intubation in context to enteral feeding pertaining to the span of not more than six weeks duration. However, the utilization of evidence based approaches and methods for tubal insertion and feeding highly warranted by the nursing professionals to facilitate the intubation process and reduce the probability of tubal misplacement and its potential gastrointestinal complications resulting in life threatening morbidities among the patients population. Sample The study utilized a sample size of 40 registered nurses pertaining to intensive care unit for conducting the survey in terms of the research questionnaire requiring processing by the selected nurses within a timeframe of three weeks duration. The inclusion criteria of the research study followed the convention of contact the registered nursing professionals with exposure to nasogastric intubation services in the hospital setting. However, the non-registered professionals, retired nurses and interns were excluded from the research study. Only 31 registered nursing professionals were able to accomplish the survey questions in accordance with the provided instructions. Four of the registered nursing professionals excluded from the overall analysis because of their inability to process the research questionnaire in entirety. Indeed, three nurses did not receive the survey questionnaire due to their prescheduled vacation. Two of the nursing participants did not display interest in the survey and therefore, quitted and did not accomplish the provided questionnaire. The prior approval from ethics committee of the hospital obtained in context to initiating the study and informed consent forms provided to each participant for their approval with written commitment to retain confidentiality during and after the study duration. Procedure The recruitment of the nursing professionals executed through disseminating the following questionnaire in the sealed envelopes and the findings committed for publication in peer reviewed journal while retaining confidentiality of the nurses personal information, as committed in the informed consent form. How confident are you in inserting a Nasogastric tube? How comfortable are you in aspirating a nasogastric tube? How comfortable are you in feeding a patient via a nasogastric tube? How confident are you in flushing a nasogastric tube? How confident are you in positioning a patient for tube insertion? How well do you understand the common methods of checking NGT placement? How confident are you in checking for tube placement? How confident are you in accurately measuring the tube for insertion depth? How confident are you in supervising a colleague with the procedure of inserting a NGT? Would you like obtaining more training on this subject? Results The results obtained on a grade of 1 10 in terms of responses by the registered nursing professionals. Variables Grades Never Done Marginal Average Confident V. Confident How confident are you in inserting a Nasogastric tube 2 (6.4%) 5 (16.12%) 13 (41.93%) 6 (19.35%) 5 (16.12) How comfortable are you in aspirating a nasogastric tube 0 (0%) 5 (16.12%) 8 (25.8%) 7 (22.5%) 11 (35.48%) How comfortable are you in feeding a patient via a nasogastric tube 0 (0%) 2 (6.4%) 10 (32.2%) 9 (29%) 10 (32.2%) How confident are you in flushing a nasogastric tube 0 (0%) 1 (3.22%) 12 (38.70%) 7 (22.5%) 11 (35.48%) How confident are you in positioning a patient for tube insertion 0 (0%) 3 (9.67%) 8 (25.8%) 8 (25.8%) 12 (38.70%) How well do you understand the common methods of checking NGT placement 1 (3.22%) 6 (19.35%) 14 (45.16%) 5 (16.12%) 5 (16.12%) How confident are you in checking for tube placement 5 (16.12%) 7 (22.5%) 12 (38.70%) 4 (12.90%) 3 (9.67%) How confident are you in accurately measuring the tube for insertion depth 3 (9.67%) 5 (16.12%) 9 (29%) 9 (29%) 5 (16.12%) How confident are you in supervising a colleague with the procedure of inserting a NGT 10 (32.2%) 4 (12.90%) 6 (19.35%) 7 (22.5%) 4 (12.90%) Would you like obtaining more training on this subject No I Dont mind Yes Certainly I am trained 0 (0%) 11 (35.48%) 10 (32.2%) 10 (32.2%) 1 (3.22%) Discussion The study results indicate that most of the registered nursing professionals obtained an average score in almost entire study variables. More than nineteen percent of nursing professionals could insert NG tube confidently; however, almost forty-two percent scored average in terms of inserting nasogastric tube to the patients population. This indicates that greater percentage of nursing professionals capable in terms of executing NG tube placement policy and procedures, as evidenced by the clinical literature (Alpers et al, 2008, p. 352). Indeed, more than thirty-five percent of the nursing professionals displayed considerable confidence in terms of their comfort in aspirating nasogastric tube in various clinical scenarios. This indicates that these nursing professionals are proficient in context to aspirating the gastric contents to evaluate the residual feeding volume, delayed stomach emptying and patterns of gastric intolerance in terms of managing the enteral nutrition (Smeltzer e t al, 2007, p. 566). More than thirty-eight percent of registered nurses displayed confidence in positioning the patient for tube insertion. This indicates that these professionals are completely aware of the protocols of NG tube insertion in accordance with the documentation in evidence based clinical literature. Indeed, the correct positioning of the patient for NG tube insertion determined in context to assessing the clinical condition and selecting the precise distance of the enteral tube for evaluating its appropriate position following the successful insertion (Mallett et al, 2013, p. 1966). The appropriate positioning of the NG tube is of paramount importance to avoid any inadvertent insertion to brain or lungs, thereby leading to serious clinical complications. In fact, most of the nursing professionals exhibited confidence and comfort in feeding the patients through nasogastric tube. This indicates that nursing professionals are well aware of the entire feeding requirements through nasogastric i ntubation in context to the evidence based literature. Guenter Silkroski (2001, p. 156) reveal the paediatric indications for nasogastric feeding including infantile diarrheal syndrome, increased feeding time and malnourishment. The study results indicate that more than thirty-five percent of the registered nurses displayed confidence in terms of their potential in flushing the nasogastric tube. This clearly indicates that majority of the nurses are well aware of the technicalities and complications associated with nasogastric tubal flushing. Indeed, the practice of appropriate techniques for nasogastric tubal flushing highly warranted in avoiding fatalities associated with misplacement or inappropriate flushing of the nasogastric tube. Boyd (2013) describes the events of patients deaths associated with inappropriate flushing of nasogastric tubes prior to the confirmation of their initial placement leading to pulmonary trauma and consequent deaths of the treated patients. The results of the research survey reveal that more than sixteen percent of the study participants showed considerable confidence in practicing common methods of checking NGT placement in patients. However, more than forty-five percent of n urses stood average in their knowledge for evaluating the NGT placement. Allbee et al (2011, p. 501) reveal the prevalent techniques including hand aspiration, evaluation through stethoscope and injection of air through NG tube for confirming its appropriate placement inside patients stomach. Indeed, more than thirty-eight percent of the study participants scored average in terms of their confidence in evaluating the NG tubal placement. These findings indicate that the study participants display awareness in context to the tubal placement methodology; however, they still require further training to increase their confidence levels in terms of placing the NG tube to the respective patients for proactively avoiding potential complications related to the malposition of the NG tube due to errors in its placement. The study survey indicates that more than twenty nine percent of the study subjects confident in measuring the tube in terms of its depth of insertion. The clinical literature reveals the importance of determining the depth of NG tubal invasion with respect to the associated risk potential. Indeed, the standard procedure for determining NG tubal length in context to its placement includes the measurement from the ear until its tip placed inferiorly to the xiphoid process (Beebe Myers, 2010, p. 451). In fact, more than 12.90% nurses showed the potential for training and supervising their colleagues in the insertion of nasogastric tube. However, more than 32.2% professionals shared their willingness in obtaining further training to enhance their skills and expertise in nasogastric tubal insertion. The discussion of the study findings clearly reveals the importance of the relevant expertise, competence and skills among registered nursing professionals in inserting the nasogastric tube to the eligible patients. Indeed, the conditions of gastric inflation, gastric distension, gastritis and gastroesophageal reflux disease increase the probability of aspiration, vomiting and ventilatory compromise that require careful monitoring by the nursing professionals while inserting the NG tube in different clinical scenarios. The nasogastric intubation proves to be the method of choice for aspiring or feeding the patients experiencing intestinal insufficiency or drug intoxication. Furthermore, the nursing professionals bear the professional and moral responsibility to understand the potential contraindications and complications in context to NGT insertion to render quality of care while administering feed or medication through NG intubation. The clinical literature reveals that patients wit h potential esophageal stenosis or varices not subjected to receive nasogastric intubation. Additionally, patients predisposed to basilar skull fractures also should not receive NG intubation for feeding or medication. The application of lidocaine and nasal decongestant warranted prior to NGT insertion to facilitate the process and nursing professionals require in depth understanding in terms of administering these pre-medications to facilitate the NG tubal administration. Nursing professionals require considering the stiffness of NG tubes while inserting them inside the eligible candidates. Indeed, the stiff tubes can easily penetrate the gastrointestinal tract and reduce the risk of gastric or esophageal injury or misplacement into pulmonary location as evidenced by the clinical literature. The guiding principles of NG tubal insertion warrant the utilization of guide wire and radiologic intervention to ascertain the appropriate positioning of NG tube for avoiding potential complic ations following the malposition due to inappropriate insertion. Furthermore, the utilization of appropriate sterilization techniques and surgical equipments warranted to avoid the probability of occurrence of infectious manifestations following the tubal insertion. The measurement of the NG tube in relation to the length of intubation assists in proper placement following its systematic insertion. The patients require positioning in high fowler state in accordance with the physicians instructions prior to administering the NG tube following the medical necessity. The lubrication of the NG tube with anaesthetic gel required to induce local analgesia for reducing the pain experienced during the intubation process. The tube facilitated through patients wider nostril and directed to esophagus until it reaches finally to the stomach. The tube is fixated while decompressing the gastric contents prior to initiating feeding or medication. The tube requires regular maintenance by the nursin g professionals in terms of flushing with air or saline in timely intervals to avoid obstruction or clogging. The validation of appropriate positioning of NG tube executed with the application of additional tests including whoosh test, chest radiograph and pH analysis. Furthermore, the nursing professionals require evaluating NG tube periodically following the initial placement and particularly prior to each feeding, and in cases of triggering of coughing and vomiting for checking secondary infection following the insertion. The dislodgement of the NG tube requires immediate attention by the nursing staff for appropriate remedial action in context to avoiding trauma and discomfort to the patient. Indeed, the qualified nursing professionals require competence and knowledge in context to NG tubal insertion and maintenance in relation to the medical necessities requiring NG intervention to facilitate patients medication or feeding. Conclusion The study concluded with the findings indicating that most of the study subjects evaluated during the research survey displayed average scores in all variables accessed to evaluate their efficiency and knowledge in administering and maintaining the NG tube in context to patients medical necessities. This certainly indicates the need to conduct prospective educational campaigns and seminars with the intent of further educating the nursing professionals regarding potential complications and traumatic conditions following the NG tubal insertion. The skills and competence level of more than one-third of the nursing professionals remained below average in accordance with the findings of the study. This indeed, warrants further investigation through prospective multicentre research studies of longer duration and increased sample size to determine the exact knowledge gaps and deficit in potential and competence among registered nurses in terms of inserting and maintaining nasogastric tubes to the required patients population. The research survey further reveals that only 6.4% of the study candidates never had the change to insert NG tube to patients. This indicates that almost all of the research participants have experience to variable extents in context to nasogastric tubal placement. Furthermore, the findings of the study prove that all research participants had the opportunity to aspirate and flush the nasogastric tube during their professional tenure. This proves that all of the nursing professionals are proficient in aspirating NG tubes to variable proportion. Indeed, most of the study subject showed confidence e in terms of aspirating NG tube to the eligible patients. This indicates that the prospective training programs require more emphasis on the insertion and management of NG tubes rather than mere aspiration principles. The research survey concluded that 96.78 % of the nursing professions shown their willingness to attend the training program for enhancing their skills and expertise in NG intubation and management process. This further indicates the scope of conducting prospective interactive sessions and training programs for the nursing professionals in the wider context of enhancing their potential and quality of care while imparting NG tubes to the patients population. The study concluded with the finding that 12.90% of the research participants pertain to the section of senior nurses capable to supervise and impart training sessions to the junior nursing professionals. Indeed, the quantitative research study explored the competence level of nursing professionals in terms of insertion and management of NG tubes and retrieved the findings indicating wide range of awareness among registered nurses regarding administering the NG tubes to eligible candidates in context to their medical necessities. However, potential gaps in terms of study variables obtained indicating the lack of confidence between certain group of nurses in context to NG intubation and gaps in knowledge also explored in nursing groups with respect to accurately placing and positioning NG tube. Nurses also require training sessions to improve their skills and enhance knowledge regarding NG tubal feeding to the patients population. The research survey remained limited to a single clinical setting and explored the knowledgebase of very limited number of registered nurses. Therefore, the results of the research study are still debatable and the wider perspective of knowledge gaps between the nursing professionals in terms of NGT handling yet to be identified while conducting cross border studies across various hospital settings through disseminating research questionnaires and initiating face to face interactive sessions as well with the nursing professionals. The multiple findings through interview sessions and research questionnaires will assist the researchers in identifying the focus of the prospective skill enhancing training sessions for th e nurses with the intent to enhance their knowledge and expertise in context to handle NG tubes and their complications within the patients population. Most importantly, the senior nurses associated with the bigger surgical facilities across the globe require prospective assessment to determine their knowledgebase and precisely evaluate their potential in terms of identifying the areas of improvement in NG intubation. Indeed, the precision in nasogastric intubation will enhance the quality of care to the patients and assist in avoiding misplacement and malpositioning of the NG tubes due to errors in placement. Addressing these core issues in context to NG intubation by nurses will undoubtedly enhance the error free administration of NG feed and drugs while avoiding potential complications and injuries to the patients following the intubation. References Allbee, B.H., Marcucci, L., Garber, J.S., Gross, M., Lambert, S., McCraw, R.J., Slonim, A.D., Slonim, T.A. (2011). Avoiding Common Nursing Errors. USA: Wolters Kluwer Health. Alpers, D.H., Stenson, W. F., Taylor, B.E., Bier, D.M. (2008). Manual of Nutritional Therapeutics (5th edn.). Philadelphia: LWW. Altman, G. (2010). Fundamental and Advanced Nursing Skills (3rd edn.). New York: Delmar. Baillie, L. (2014). Developing Practical Nursing Skills (4th edn.). Florida: Tailor Francis. Beebe, R., Myers, J. (2010). Professional Paramedic Foundations of Paramedic Care Volume I. USA: Delmar. Boyd, C. (2013). Medicine Management Skills for Nurses. UK: Wiley-Blackwell Bullock, I., Clark, J., Rycroft-Malone, J. (2012). Adult Nursing Practice: Using Evidence in Care. United Kingdom: Oxford. Bullock, I., Clark, J.M., Rycroft-Malone, J. (2012a). Adult Nursing Practice: Using Evidence in Care. United Kingdom: Oxford. Fabbro, E. D., Baracos, V., Demark-Wahnefried, W., Bowling, T., Hopkinson, J., Bruera, E. (2010). Nutrition and the Cancer Patient. New York: Oxford. Fitzpatrick, J., Wallace, M. (2012). Encyclopedia of Nursing Research (3rd edn.). New York: Springer. Guenter, P Silkroski, M. (2001). Tube Feeding: Practical Guidelines and Nursing Protocols. USA: Aspen. Guenter, P Silkroski, M. (2001a). Tube Feeding: Practical Guidelines and Nursing Protocols. USA: Aspen. Hopp, L., Rittenmeyer, L. (2012). Introduction to Evidence-Based Practice: A Practical Guide For Nursing. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. Indiana University School of Nursing. (2008). Current Methods Nurses Use to Place and Maintain Nasogastric and Orogastric Tubes. Undergraduate Research Journal For The Human Sciences. Viewed 23 March 2015. https://www.kon.org/urc/v7/quainoo.html. Kirby, D., Dudrick, S. (1994). Practical Handbook of Nutrition in Clinical Practice. USA: CRC. Kowalak, J. P. (2009). Lippincott's Nursing Procedures (5th edn.). Philadelphia: LWW. Lee, S., Mason, E. (2013). Competence in confirming correct placement of nasogastric feeding tubes amongst FY1 doctors. BMJ Quality Improvement Reports. doi:10.1136/bmjquality.u201014.w1198. Mallett, J., Albarran, J., Richardson, A. (2013). Critical Care Manual of Clinical Procedures and Competencies. UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Mills, E. J. (2006). Handbook of Medical-surgical Nursing (4th edn.). Philadelphia: LWW. Rosdahl, C.B., Kowalski, M.T. (2008). Textbook of Basic Nursing (9th edn.). Philadelphia: LWW. Smeltzer, S., Bare, B.G., Hinkle, J.L., Cheever, K.H. (2007). Brunner Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-surgical Nursing. Philadelphia: LWW. Tollefson, J. (2004). Clinical Psychomotor Skills: Assessment Tools for Nursing Students. Australia: Thomson.

Humanism and Its Relation to the Art of Governing Essay Example For Students

Humanism and Its Relation to the Art of Governing Essay Humanism is a thought process or a system of beliefs in the significance of actual, real life human beings rather than divine, religious, or non-existing persons. During the Renaissance period, people began moving away from the teachings of the medieval period and began focusing more on the philosophies and teachings that were prevalent during Ancient Greek and Roman times. In Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince, he begins a story that demonstrates a particular style of governing that is a stark contrast from other humanists of that era. In his book, he believes that The Prince should be the one and only governing authority over his people, being the sole person responsible for assessing and concluding how the state should be run, and made sure that all policies and legislations created were written for his benefit. These benefits included a further assertion and domination of his power by gaining, maintaining, and expanding his political ambitions and power (Machiavelli, 5). In the story, his understanding of what he believed was human nature a direct contradiction to that of which all humanists understood and taught. Many followers and believers in the humanist philosophy of Machiavelli’s time felt that each person had the potential to contribute to the growth and overall well-being of the country. Humanists believed that An individual only grows to maturity- both intellectually and morally- through participation in the life of the state (Machiavelli, 6). In general, Machiavelli was not trusting of people, the citizens of a state in particular. He said, â€Å"in a time of adversity, when the state is in need of its citizens there are few to be found† (Machiavelli, 9). Taking it to another level, he further expresses his distrust of the citizens and begins to question their loyalty to the head of state. When meeting with the Prince, he proposes that â€Å" because men wretched creatures who would not keep their word to you, you need to keep your word to them† (Machiavelli, 18). Despite having said such strong words of his people, he did not condone that the Prince should in any way treat his citizens in a negative manner. This statement was further evidence of him keeping the best interests of the Prince at the forefront of his mind, In a monarchy style of government, a head of state can either be loved or feared; one cannot be both. As a result of this, Machiavelli proposes to the Prince that it would be better for him to be a person that instills fear in his people rather than to be loved. By doing so, he was ensured that he would be able to maintain law and order throughout the land. Again, another example of keeping the best interests of the Prince in mind. By creating a state of fear, people were less likely willing or able to commit acts that would go against the head of state, creating chaos and disorder. In Machiavelli’s The Prince, the ruler is a humanist figure because he exists in the physical world. In contrast to that, there are governing bodies that rely solely on divine authority, a spiritual person of interest that does not exist in the physical world. A common form of this type of governing is called Theocracy; a form of governing where a God (or a deity) is recognized as the King or immediate ruler of the governing body (or more commonly known as a church). This God is the person who dictates the laws; generally in the form of a book (i. e. The Holy Bible). These laws are carried out by Bishops, Priests, Ministers, or any other bodies within the church. Their aim is to please their God by carrying out his vision for his people and spreading his message. In modern day culture, there is no existing governing body that oversees a nation where God is the Supreme Leader. Not even the Vatican allows for God to be the ruling governing body. Although, most conservative governments make decisions and implement legislation with God’s law in mind. This is a common practice in places like The Vatican and in more progressive nations such as Great Britain and The United States. .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a , .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a .postImageUrl , .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a , .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a:hover , .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a:visited , .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a:active { border:0!important; } .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a:active , .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u82d6b733757fd865ba5b681eb394d67a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fast Food Nation: Logos Appeal EssayIn conclusion, there is one major contrast between a humanist style of governing versus a government based on one single divine authority. A humanist government is a government ruled by a real-life person who institutes law and order through the creation of legislation that creates a society of law and order. A divine authority, or religious-based style of governing, is overseen by a being that is not visible to its people but exists in a series of books and teaching carried out by those who are representatives of the governing body, or church.

Problems associated with cultural differences faced by the German GAM Company in South Africa

Competent human staffs are essential in effective management of the human resource, which is a crucial aspect in a firm. Human resource management becomes more essential in managing cross-cultural barriers that are common in multinational corporations, which has ventures in foreign markets.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Problems associated with cultural differences faced by the German GAM Company in South Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Failure for multinational corporations in manage cross-cultural challenges effectively may result to reduced performances or collapsing of foreign ventures. Thus, multinational companies should recruit highly competent human resource staffs to incorporate effective human resource strategies that will enhance cross-cultural communications (Bucher Bucher, 2009). The Germany managers and South African associates differ in their views because of their different cultures. Fo r instance, the Germans managers are formal in the manner in which they interact with the South African associates. Their greetings are always formal and they emphasis on titles and rarely use personal names when addressing each other. In job environment, Germans show great differences to various people in various job authorities. Germans communications are formal and establishing and maintaining strong relationships in businesses, as well as in the workplace is rare. Germans often experience problems in relating with fellow workers because of the tendency of their communications being direct to the point that seems blunt. As an alternative of using straight negotiations, Germans opt for written communications. For Germans decisional making is hierarchical with the passing of decisions left to the executives. Once the executives pass decisions, the implementation is as per the decision made with no alterations. On the other hand, South African people do not emphasize on formality in business or workplace communications. Unlike the Germans, South African people stress on the importance of building business and workplace relationships, which they highly value for networking purposes, where they use the offices to establish cordial working relationships. South African people avoid direct and blunt communications. South African people are very careful with their communications. They prefer using analogies and metaphors, in passing important points rather than giving direct points. They prefer face-to-face communications rather than written communications, which they regard as being impersonal. Therefore, the cultural difference that is present between the Germans and South African people is the one to blame for the indifferences they are facing that is affecting performances in GAM plant in South Africa adversely (Muhs, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The GAM’s model that entails learning on the job is not a suitable strategy in managing cultural diversity and particularly in sensitive international markets, where cultural diversity is sensitive such as in South Africa. The GAM reintroduced its operation in South African following the termination of apartheid in the country. Therefore, the Germans GAM personnel required prior knowledge about the South African culture before the deploying process. However, because of GAM strategy of learning on the job, instead of learning from formal training programs, they lacked appropriate skills to address the cultural differences that exist between the Germans managers and South African associates, which hindered proper performance greatly. The poor performance witnessed at GAM plant in South Africa was avoidable through offering the Germans personnel formal training program of South African culture before deployment. This could have ensured good performance instantly after startin g the operations. Multinational corporations that adopt a global human resource management strategy rather than a local strategy for ventures outside their home base face many challenges. They experience many challenges because people in different regions have diverse cultural orientations that influence how they relate to each other, as well as to foreigners. Because of the different cultural differences that exist across the world, it is very difficult for a multinational corporation to establish a universal strategy that is applicable to manage all its operations across all the regions it has ventured.Thus, those corporations that do so are likely to fail. People in various regions possess differing cultures that influence how they interact. They greatly differ in their communications, as well as the values they possess. Therefore, companies should have local strategies to manage local ventures to have great level of success for foreign ventures. Adopting local strategies to mana ge local ventures is important in managing cross-cultural communication barriers that are prevalent for foreign ventures as the one witnessed by the GAM Company is South Africa. Dr. Kriek’s approach and actions was a very appropriate move in identifying the underlying problem at GAM plant in South Africa. The strategy was a very professional approach that entailed visiting the area and collecting important data from both parties to identify the root cause for the poor performance of GAM operation in South Africa.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Problems associated with cultural differences faced by the German GAM Company in South Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The initial information given by the management indicated that the associates employees recruited from South Africa were lazy and unmotivated and required a motivational talk to arouse their drive. However, the study conducted showed that t he problem for poor performance was not the associates being lazy and unmotivated, but there was a cultural misunderstanding between the Germans managers and the South African associates, which contributed to the poor performance. Therefore, Dr. Kriek’s approach and actions was an appropriate approach and concern that identified the root cause of the problem at GAM plant in South Africa (Diller, 2010). The proposal by Dr. Kriek’s for the cultural awareness and sensitivity workshop for management at GAM plant in South Africa is an essential strategy in resolving the underlying problem. The Germans managers at the plant require training on the best manner of interacting with the South African associates to avoid misunderstanding that is hindering proper performance. The Germans tendency to act formal in how they interact, as well as communicate with the South African associates is to blame for the existing confusion between the groups. The South African people adore work relationships and are cautious in their communications to avoid sounding rude. However, the Germans are official and are direct and to the point in their communications, which the South Africans misinterpret as rudeness. Thus, Dr Kriek cultural and sensitivity workshop the Germans managers will be imperative in managing the situation. Dr Kriek will create awareness and sensitive the Germans about the differing cultural orientations and advise them accordingly on how to interact effectively with the South Africa associates to ensure harmony in the workplace. The shortcoming of the process is that it will consume time meant for production, as concerned people will dedicate some time to get appropriate trainings. However, the training will be important for the mangers, as they will be in a better position to understand and handle the South African associates in future endeavors accordingly to facilitate high performance. In conclusion: effective human resource management is imperative for multinational firms. Failure to have competent human resource management results to reduced performance and sometime collapsing of foreign investments because of cross-cultural barriers that hinder effective communications.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nonetheless, managers should get proper trainings before deployment in foreign countries to equip them with necessary skills to manage cross-cultural barriers to enhance performance. Firms should avoid deploying personnel without creating enough awareness and sensitize them about possible cultural barriers they are likely to face to increase the success of these ventures. This will avoid wastage of resources through unnecessary conflicts as the one witnessed between GAM managers from Germany and South African working as associates. Reference List Bucher,R. Bucher, P. (2009). Diversity Consciousness: Opening our Minds to People,  Culture and Opportunities. New York: Prentice Hall. Diller, J. (2010). Cultural Diversity: A prime for Human Service. New York: Prentice Hall. Muhs, K. (2001). Cultural Differences between South Africa and Germany. Retrieved from https://www.grin.com/document/106216 This essay on Problems associated with cultural differences faced by the German GAM Company in South Africa was written and submitted by user Jillian Farmer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

XML and ebXML Essays

XML and ebXML Essays XML and ebXML Essay XML and ebXML Essay ebXML is an acronym which stands for â€Å"Electronic Business Extensible Markup Language†. From ebXML.org website, the description says that it is a modular suite of specification that enables global electronic market by allowing enterprises around the world to conduct business over the internet. It can be likened to the English language, although different people from different nationalities speak of different language, English is there to facilitate communication and that is why it is considered as the international language. In the same way, ebXML is the language or a tool which businesses can use to have better communication with each other. However, we are not referring to simple communications here, as we are referring to those complicated processes that are taking place in the context of the electronic business. The complexities of different forms of technology utilized by different enterprises have reduced the compatibility of data shared between enterprises electronically. High rate of incompatibility can be blamed from the fact that enterprises do not have one man who does the preparation of the information to be shared, but instead they rely most of the preparation to their own experts. Information systems used by different enterprises in most cases do not produce outputs of common format, and that’s another issue of incompatibility. There came a time when XML was introduced to the market, and it was widely accepted and utilized in information sharing. However, the absence of one man to do the preparation is still a problem. XML based information shared by businesses where having different specifications, structures, and definition. Still businesses were not able to resolve the situation. This problem has long been recognized as a barrier to the success of enabling a global electr onic market. It has long been realized that the only solution is to develop a common or standard rules, tools, or guidelines of formatting information. It is also widely accepted that XML is effective and the problem with incompatibility between XML based information can be solved by creating an open technical framework containing to enable uniform and consistent use of XML. ebXML helps reduce the cost of information sharing among enterprises. Many enterprises have long been sharing information through the use of Electronic Data Interface and this method is expensive. ebXML on the other hand is an economy-of-scale and implementation is easier because it can be implemented through the internet and other available networks. Enterprises no longer worry of the high cost of paying for hand carry, mail service, or make subsequent faxes, making phone calls to send information to other enterprises. It facilitates market expansion by locating potential businesses to partner with from different locations around the world. There’s no need to worry of incompatibility or misunderstanding. ebXML offers a single framework of exchanging XML based information which enterprises having access to the system can use. ebXML is secured. All information registered and shared in an ebXML system is authenticated and regulated by security policy set by the ebXML supporters. Its specifications are supported and continually updated by OASIS , UN/CEFACT, and many other organizations aiming for achieving international standardizations of business operation. ebXML achieved compatibility by providing enterprises with standardized message structures, standardized business process sequence, clear business semantics, and standardized business trading agreements. This makes business to business transactions processing quicker and efficient regardless of geographical locations as long as they are having access to the network running an ebXML compliant system. Sample ebXML implementations is the Dealersphere, a web-service based integration implemented for the auto industry. Car dealers who registered with dealership was connected to each other by the dealersphere engine plugged into dealer’s LAN. Other implementation was conducted supported by CECID and Hongkong government was deployed in eInvoicing System for Metro Operator (MTRC), eProcurement system for HMV Hongkong and Sony Hongkong, and the Dangerous Goods Manifests Submission System, and many others. Other CECID contribution to ebXML implementation is the Hermes (ebMS), and ebMail for freebXML,org website. Other implementations are the ebXML Messaging Services Interoperability and Conformance Validation Test conducted by eBusinessReady, Electronic hiring of temporary staff by European openExchange. Implementation of ebXML The prefix â€Å"eb† may have made the term â€Å"ebXML† as different from XML. Implementing ebXML compliant document structures can be done manually or automatically. No need to worry about purchasing new machines, it is designed to be independent. It can run on machines which support standard internet transfer protocol and XML. Existing computer systems supports the two basic requirements. Doing it manually requires not only knowledge in XML, but also of the internationally agreed standards of how XML should be used. Details of how ebXML is to be implemented are found on ebXML specifications. OASIS and UN/CEFACT accepts membership for those who want to participate in ebXML world. By joining to these sites, you can work with international experts who are collaborating efforts for the development of ebXML, and promoting it to the global electronic market. On the other hand, doing it automatically means using application software which generates ebXML compliant documents. Using ebXML compliant software is quicker because it provides something similar to the click and drag environment. There are downloadable ebXML editor from freebxml.org. Enterprises can create their own network of ebXML users. However, there is one most important requirement for an ebXML enabled interaction between enterprises, and that is the registry. The registry is a central repository of all the business processes, business profiles, process specifications, and data interchange classifications. In short, a repository or registry stores all relevant information. The registry mush have a graphical user interface where users can query, update stored information, insert new information, etc. Free ebXML registry can be found on the internet. There are also existing ebXML registry which are already implemented in various places around the world.   One must only need to search for these registries, inquire, and then register. Once the registration is complete, a registered enterprise can start registering his business processes specification, business profile, and other information pertaining to its business. All information registered on the ebXML registry are made available to all visitors querying on th e registry, which made it easier to find potential business partners. Once business partners agreed to work together, they will sign a Collaborative Protocol Agreement. Once the agreement is finished, the participating parties can start working with one another. Conclusion ebXML is a very effective tool for engaging in a global electronic market. It is less expensive, easier to implement, and supported by international standards. Many enterprises will soon implement ebXML which will enable them to meet on the internet regardless of geographical location.

Genderbias Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Genderbias - Essay Example 2234). According to the 2011 US census, women accounted for 91.6 percent of registered nurses (Landivar, 2013). The lessened interest of female nurses in working in critical care has thus had a major impact on the availability of nurses for work in critical care. The conceptual definition of the proposed research is that specific characteristics of critical care work can be identified and then show that they contribute significantly to the lower interest of female nurses. With better understanding of the key job characteristics that correlate to female nurses’ interest in critical care, it should be possible to develop programs designed to overturn this perception and lead to more graduating female nurses being willing to consider work in critical care. This could have a major impact on addressing the acute shortage of nurses willing to work in critical care. For the purposes of this research proposal it is assumed that the â€Å"total rewards† model used by HR professionals to modify employee attraction can be applied to modifying a graduating female nurse’s perception of critical care nursing as a future career path. This HR model believes that job attributes can be strategically altered to change a nurse’s level of interest. (â€Å"WorldatWork,† 2007). Accordingly, the research question is the following: What are the key characteristics of work in critical care with a strong correlation on the perceptions of graduating female nurses of this field as a viable career alternative? A quantitative survey of graduating nurses from West Coast University will be used to measure the total reward factors that correlate to the relatively low perception of critical care as a desired career path. The study conducted by Halcomb et al. (2007) examined the relationship between student experience, socio-demographics, and overall interest in seeking work in critical care. The proposed research

The Portrait Of Christ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Portrait Of Christ - Essay Example They want a straight message that is verifiable by evidence and testimonials. America is a complex society, with many educated and globally-aware citizens suffering just as much stress as those who are struggling on welfare or homeless, single parents or factory workers. Therefore, any message, in order to be relevant in such a complex society, will need to make people feel like there is a way out of stress, that there is hope. Americans are concerned about nuclear threat, terrorism, discrimination, financial stability, safety, pollution, cholesterol, the ozone layer, global warming, therapeutic issues, and a whole variety of threats. Consequently, Americans are a bit on the defensive side, meaning that they need to be approached gently, not further threatened. A fifth element that characterizes Americans is their friendliness, their outgoing style and willingness to help others, to share resources, so long as they are not taken undue advantage of. These five characteristics shape my argument for why the Gospel of John has such a compelling message and delivery style for Americans at the beginning of the 21st century. Mark’s portrait of Christ emphasizes his suffering and how believers share in his suffering. This is a portrait that Americans can relate to at times because, like everyone else, Americans are subject to the death and loss of friends and family members, housing foreclosures, cancer and other health problems, parenting issues, incidents with traumatic consequences.

Bioterrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bioterrorism - Research Paper Example This paper will study through previous researches and three different journals the barriers for the community health nursing for surveillance and identification of diseases caused by bioterrorism agents. Defining Bioterrorism: Bioterrorism is a form of terrorism in which different biological agents are released in order to make the people, plants or animals sick in masses. The consequences are in a number of deaths. These bioterrorism agents are usually viruses, bacteria, or toxins. However, these agents are present in the surrounding already but they are modified and reworked in a way that their ability is increased and that they also become resistant to the current medicines available so that there is no cure for them. The mediums usually used in order to multiply these bioterrorism agents are water, air and food sometimes. One of the major reasons for bioterrorism is that, that terrorist adopts this kind since it cannot be detected quickly and easily. These agents take time to rea ct, sometimes days and sometimes even weeks (A†¡ankaya & Kibaroglu, 2010). The significance of the study: The subject of bioterrorism in the community health sector in the US was not of major concern until 2001. The use of ‘Anthrax’ has created a serious fear of bioterrorism among the communities. Moreover, these bioterrorism attacks have also created realization and a sense of consideration for the healthcare department particularly community health nurses that their role during such attacks are very significant. Therefore proper education and training are very important factors for the community health nurses in order to overcome the chaos at the time of any bioterrorism attack (Mellehovitch, 2004). Bioterrorism and Community Health Nurses: Across the US, the issue of bioterrorism among the public health sector has become a core issue. Usually, the public and the US community rely initially on these primary healthcare departments for the inspection of any disease or unusual biological conduct. The community health nurses are the center of attention for this entire process and for delivering their services. However, cases have been observed where the lack of training and education among the health care nurses to handle and manage any bioterrorism attacks were observed, creating chaos and panic as a result. Not only this, the shortage of community of health nurses was also observed while any attack of bioterrorism. It is very obvious that the community health nurses need training for the bioterrorism preparedness so that they are ready to handle and are pre-prepared if their community is attacked by bioterrorism in a professional manner (Rebmann, 2006). According to a research journal on bioterrorism by the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) it was observed that many of the community healthcare staff and nurses did not follow any formal training or education in order to manage or handle any bioterrorism attack. Out of the hundreds of nurses interviewed by (Gerberding & Hughes, 2002) very few of them took courses and fhealth careation in community healthcare and for bioterrorism. While the remaining nurses made complaints to the researchers that were not able to conduct their studies on bioterrorism because of the shortage of the staff who will take coverage of their nonattendance. As a result they had to take help and lessons from those nurses

Role of agriculture cooperative societies

Role of agriculture cooperative societies PRIMARY AGRICULTURE COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES An agricultural cooperative society, also known as a farmers co-op, is a cooperative where farmers pool their resources in certain areas of activity. A broad typology of agricultural cooperatives distinguishes between agricultural service cooperatives, which provide various services to their individually farming members, and agricultural production cooperatives, where production resources (land, machinery) are pooled and members farm jointly. Agricultural production cooperatives are relatively rare in the world, and known examples are limited to collective farms in former socialist countries and the kibbutzim in Israel. Worker cooperatives provide an example of production cooperatives outside agriculture. The default meaning of agricultural cooperative in English is usually an agricultural service cooperative, which is the numerically dominant form in the world. There are two primary types of agricultural service cooperatives, supply cooperative and marketing cooperative. Supply cooperatives supply their members with inputs for agricultural production, including seeds, fertilizers, fuel, and machinery services. Marketing cooperatives are established by farmers to undertake transformation, packaging, distribution, and marketing of farm products (both crop and livestock). Farmers also widely rely on credit cooperatives as a source of financing for both working capital and investments. Various development activities in agriculture, small industry marketingand inprocessing, distribution and supplies are now carried on through the co-operative societies. The co-operatives societies have madean all-round progress and their role in, and contribution to agricultural progress has particularly been significant. The schemes regarding the construction of godowns and the conversion of villages into model villages have assumed great importance in the wake of the Green Revolution. INTRODUCTION OF COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT The Co-operative Movement was introduced into India by the Government. It is the only method by which the farmers could overcome their burden of debt and keep them away from the clutches of the money-lenders. The Co-operative Credit Societies Act, 1904 was passed by the Governmentof India and rural credit societies were formed. Through the appointment of registrars and through vigorous propaganda, the Government attempted to popularize the Movement in the rural areas. Within a short period, the Government realized that there are some shortcomings of the 1904 Act and, therefore, passed a more comprehensive Act, known as theCo-operative Societies Act of 1912. This Act recognized non-credit societies also. But the rural credit societies have continued to be predominant till now. MAIN FEATURES: PRIMARY AGRICULTURAL CREDIT SOCIETIES Assessment of credit needs Disbursement of credit to members Recovery of credit Promote the economic interests of the members DISTRICT CENTRAL COOPERATIVE BANKS Serve as balancing centre in the district central financing agencies Organise credit to primaries Carry out banking business Sanction, monitor control implementation of policies STATE COOPERATIVE BANKS Serve as balancing centre in the state Organize provision of credit for credit worthy farmers Carry out banking business Leader of the cooperatives in the state NATIONAL FEDERATION OF STATE COOPERATIVE BANKS Provides a common forum to the member banks Promotes and protects the interests of the member banks Co-ordinates and liaison with government of India, RESERVE BANK OF INDIA , NATIONAL BANK AND OTHERS Provides research and consultancy inputs to the member banks Organizes conferences/seminars/workshops/meetings THE PRIMARY AGRICULTURAL CREDIT/SERVICE SOCIETIES The agricultural co-operative credit structure is broadly divided into two sectors, one dealing with the short-terms andmedium-terms finance and the other with the long-term credit. The short-term and medium-term credit structureis based on a three-tier system, i.e., the Apex Co-operative Bank at the State level, the Central Co-operative Bank at the district/tehsil level and the Primary Agricultural Credit Societies at the village level. The major objectives of the primary agricultural credit service societies are to supply agricultural credit to meet the requirements of funds for agricultural production, the distribution of essential consumer commodities, the provision of storage andmarketing facilitiesand for light agricultural implements and machinery. Owing to an increasing emphasis on the development of land and agriculture, long-term co-operative credit has assumed great importance. There is the Punjab State Land Mortgage Bank at the Apex and the Punjab Mortgage Bank at the district/tehsil level. These Primary Land Mortgage Banks advance loans to the farmers for long term purposes. At the operational level, there exists a primary co-operative to extend credit to the farmer. This unit epitomizes the vitality and service potential of the Co-operative Movement in India. The organization of these societies dates back to 1904, when the first Co-operative Societies Act was passed. These societies were started with the object of providing cheap credit to the agriculturists in order to free them from the clutches of the rapacious money-lenders. The agricultural primary credit society is the foundation-stone on which the whole co-operative edifice is built. Even now these societies dominate the co-operative picture. The first Agricultural Credit Society in the Firozpur District was registered on 4 October 1911, at the Village of Khalchi Kadim in the Firozpur Tehsil. Originally, the movement was confined to the credit societies only and, thus, credit dominated till the partition (1947). After the partition, the Co-operative Movement began to spread to other field, viz labour, construction and farming. AGRICULTURAL NON-CREDIT SOCIETIES While credit is and must remain for some time the chief concern of the Co-operative Movement relatively slow, since 1912, when the non-credit societies were brought officially under the aegis of the Movement. The World War II (1939-45) came as a God send boon with respect to the development of the Co-operative Movement. Prices of agricultural goods began to rise and touched new peaks. The repayment of loans was accelerated and depositsbegan to pour in. The number of societies also rose. Another interesting development in co-operativeduring the War was the extension of the Movement to non-credit activities, viz. Consumers co-operative marketing societies, consolidation societies, etc. Agricultural co-operative Marketing Societies: Marketing has occupied a far smaller place in the co-operative picture in India than in many countries, notably Denmark and the USA, but not other non-credit line of co-operation, with the possible exception of the consolidation of land holdings and joint farming enterprises,seems to holdgreater possibilities of help to the agricultural population of India. The development of co-operative marketing in India is closely bound up with the problem of credit-the claims of the money-lenders commonly inhibiting the cultivators freedom of action in disposing of his crop. The full utilization of loans advanced depends upon the arrangements for the marketing of surplus produce. For this purpose, there the Punjab State Marketing Federation at the State Level, wholesale societies at the district level and marketing societies at the market level. These societies also provide other agricultural facilities and make arrangements for the supply of domestic items in the rural areas. At the State level, the Punjab State co-operative Supply and Marketing Federation (MARKFED) is playing an important role in building up an integrated structure for remunerative marketing and storing of agricultural produce. it has played an important role in hastening the Green Revolution in the State by arranging ready supplies of essential farm inputs needed by the cultivators. Co-operative Farming Societies: The Royal Commission on Agriculture in 1928 observed that it co-operation failed, there would fail the hope of the Indian agriculturist. Co-operative farming is a compromise between collective farming and the peasant proprietorship and gives all merits of large-scale farming without abolishing private property. It implies an organization of the farmers on the basis of common efforts for common interests. Under this system, all landowners in a village form a co-operativesociety for tilling the land. The land is pooled, but each farmer retains the right of property. The produce is distributedby each. They are allowed to withdraw from the co-operative farm whenever they desire. In India, the exceedingly small size of holdings is perhaps the most serious defect in our agriculture. If agriculture has to be improved, the size of the holdings must be enlarged. TYPE OF SOCIETIES Co-operative Weavers society Co-operative Consumers Societies Co-operative Housing Societies Co-operative Womens Societies Co-operative Milk-Societies NAME OF THE SOCIETY ADAWAD Primary Agriculture Co-operative Credit SOCIETY (713/29-1-1914) AKULKHEDE Primary Agriculture Co-operative Credit SOCIETY (7769/7-6-1937) ANWARDE BK. Primary Agriculture Co-operative Credit SOCIETY (7873/16-3-1939) ANWARDE KD. Primary Agriculture Co-operative Credit SOCIETY (5291/30-6-1926) ADGAON Primary Agriculture Co-operative Credit SOCIETY (5497/26-6-1926) AKHATWADE Primary Agriculture Co-operative Credit SOCIETY (3652/18-10-1921) BIDGAON Primary Agriculture Co-operative Credit SOCIETY (9421/18-03-1946) BUDHGAON Primary Agriculture Co-operative Credit SOCIETY (5182/10-03-1926) CHALLENGES BEFORE CO-OPERATIVES The Indian Co-operative Movement has earned distinction of being the largest in the world. This is true in terms of membership and Co-operative network which spread over almost all the villages in the country and the number of Co-operative Societies. In our country: There are about 5.5 lakhs of cooperative Societies with membership of more than 22crores. It covers a wide range of commercial activities and nearly 50% of them are engaged in agriculture and agriculture related matters. Nearly 70% of the Indian population being dependant on agriculture, is thus, connected with agricultural Co-operatives. Co-operatives have covered 100% of villages and 67% of rural households. Co-operative sector contributes 50% of total agricultural credit and distributes 35% of total fertilizer consumption in the Country. They are procuring 60% of total sugar-cane. They are also playing crucial role in the agro-processing sector i.e. processing of sugar-cane, milk, cotton and oil seeds etc. Dairy Co-operatives have excelled in their area of operation and have enabled India to attain top position in milk production in the world. Edible oil marketed through Co-operative channel is estimated at 50% and handloom Co-operatives account for 55% of the total out-put. But in spite of being largest movement in the world and strongest link, it faces number of challenges like lack of internal resources and poor mobilization of external resources, inadequate infrastructure, competitive tier structure, apathy of members towards management, lack of accountability increasing sickness, dormancy, low level professionalism, excessive government control, political interference, dominance of vested interest over the management, lack of human resources development, education and training. Despite all challenges, Co-operatives have to be sustainable over a period of time for which professionalism is a must. Co-operatives have been looking for Governmental help. But they have been paying of it like official domination and interference in their day-to-day working etc. Dr. Kuriyan, an eminent co-operator in the country said recently that the Co-operatives have undergone a crisis of identity being neither government nor private. He further said that Co-operatives need to be more efficient and competitive, but at the same time they cannot sacrifice the basic tenets of co-operation. Inefficient Co-operatives will have to either pull up their socks or down their shutters. Co-operatives have many advantages in tackling problem poverty alleviation, employment generation and food security. They also have the potential to deliver goods and services in areas where both the State and Private sectors have failed. Over the past few years, steps like the enactment of mutually aided Co-operative Societies Act by some States and the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act have been taken to give the Co-operative sector a boost. But we are aware that the Co-operatives registered under the Mutual Aided Act have certain constraints and deficiencies, which may be Lack of supervision and inspection by Registrar of Co-operative Societies resulting into financial misuse and disproportion institutional development. Government is hesitating to entrust any important government work since it does not have any participation. These Co-operatives are away from the mainstream. The Co-operative Banks and other important institutions are not prepared to admit them as members. NABARD and RBI are not agreeing for conversion of Central and Urban Co-operative Banks. R.B.I. has also objection about the use of word Co-operative since Banking Regulation Act uses the word Co-operative Society. Perhaps we are not prepared or educated or sensitized enough to work without control and supervision. Mischievous persons may take advantage of the situation to cheat the general public. When the Government is exploring the possibility of regulating the Non-governmental organizations having vast experience, it is doubtful as to whether the mutually aided Co-operatives in various fields can give desired result. The circumstances and the situation give rise to the Co-operative Movement in the Country are still prevalent. The market is still not accessible to small and marginal farmers. Supply of agricultural credit is not adequate. About 50% of our rural and tribal household still has no facility for institutional credit. The Co-operatives are today at the cross road at their existence, particularly in view of the fast emerging economic liberalization and globalization. The Co-operatives still continued to function in a traditional way with poor governance and management, poor resource mobilization, outside interference, dependence on Government and lack of professionalization. The Co-operatives are neither member-driven nor functioned professionally in a transparent manner with accountability to members. In spite of all these, no doubt, the Co-operatives have contributed a lot to the agriculture development of the Country. We cannot afford to see that these institutions wither away. It need s reform. It is not-worthy to say that in the National Common Minimum Programme of present UPA Government it has been mentioned to bring constitutional amendment to ensure the democratic autonomous and professional functioning of Co-operatives. The constitutional amendment may limit itself with timely conduct of elections timely conduct of audit, uniform tenure of managing committee conduct of general body meetings right of a member for access to information and The accountability of the management. In this context the strategies may be as follows. Co-operatives need be member-driven; stakeholders should have a command over its affairs and activities. There is need for more transparency, more of interaction and confidence -building measures. Aggressive marketing strategy be adopted for sensitizing members and general public about the service and quality rendered by the Co-operatives. Commitment to best Service and pursuit for excellence should be the hallmark of Co-operative. Every society should adopt their customers or members charter and should meticulously adhere to this charter. Co-operative should compete with other players in prevailing market forces without any protectionist or discriminator approach. In respect of short-term, medium-term, long-term sector and Urban Bank sectors, restrictions have been stipulated by Reserve Bank of India, NABARD in respect of finance. These restrictions need be liberalized which would help Co-operative to optimize its lendable resources and provide finance to members. Strengthening information and database of Co-operatives is of utmost importance. MIS need be adopted by the process of computerization and inter-connectivity to provide best services to members and customers with anytime and anywhere service. Professionalization of management is one of the basic prerequisites of Co-operatives. Both the personnel as well as directors of committee of management should be exposed to regular training, interaction and orientation. Adoption of scientific planning for deployment of human resources on the principle of right man for the right post at right time would help Co-operatives to accelerate the pace of reforms. Human resources need be proactive. Motivation, recognition for good work and leadership be inculcated for augmenting productivity. Basic tenets corporate governance is adopted like fair play, transparency and accountability. The PACS, as the foundation of the Co-operative system are meeting the development needs of the farmers by providing credit, inputs and storage and processing and marketing facilities. The Co-operative federated at the district and State level constitutes the Co-operative system. But it is found that the Apex institutions have grown stronger whereas the primaries and in some cases, Central Co-operatives have gone weaker. The situation has to be changed and the primaries have to grow stronger. The business of the Primary Societies has to be diversified. AGRO-INPUTS DISTRIBUTION IN AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES Agricultural Cooperatives in India are very actively and intimately involved in several agriculture related activities. The most important activities are the disbursement of production credit and distribution of fertilizers and other inputs viz seeds, pesticides and agricultural implements. Agricultural Cooperatives are also involved in procurement of farm produce, processing and marketing of oilseeds, Cotton, sugar, milk and milk products, distribution of essential commodities, clothes, kerosene oil and merchandise etc. Coop. movement in India started way back in 1905. Till 1939, Agricultural Cooperatives in India were distributing only the credit to the farmers. Its activities got diversified to consumer articles and also some agricultural inputs in the rural areas over a period of time. Subsequently, based on the suggestions made by different committees and commissions, the cooperatives were given a significant role in distribution of fertilizers. Currently, cooperatives are playing a significant role both in production and marketing of fertilizers. Cooperatives Role in Agricultural Credit Disbursement Cooperatives play a very important role in disbursement of agricultural credit. Credit is needed both by the distribution channel as well as by the farmers. The distribution channel needs it to finance the fertilizer business and farmers need it for meeting various needs for agricultural production including purchasing fertilizers. The credit needed by the farmers for purchase of fertilizers and other inputs is called short term credit or production credit whereas credit needed by the distribution channel is called Distribution Credit. Cooperatives also play a very important role in disbursement of Medium Term and Long Term credit needed by the farmers for purchasing agricultural equipments viz tractors, installation of tube wells and land development works etc. will not be able to adopt the modern agricultural practices unless they are supported by a system which ensures adequate and timely availability of credit on reasonable terms and conditions. Credit in India is made available to the farmers through a multi-agency network consisting of cooperatives, commercial banks and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs). However, cooperatives accounts for a large proportion of the agricultural credit made available to the farmers. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) was established in the year 1982 by an Act of Parliament and was entrusted will all matters concerning policy, planning and operation in the field of credit for agriculture and other economic activities in the rural areas. Before that, this job was being done by Reserve Bank of India itself. NABARD works for progressive institutionalization of the rural credit and ensures that the demands for credit from agriculture including the new and upcoming areas like floriculture, tissue culture, bio-fertilizers, sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation etc. are met. The medium and long term of loans are disbursed to the farmers through Primary Land Development Banks (757) who draw their finances from Central Land Development Banks (20) who in turn draw their finances from NABARD. As for the short term credit, this is disbursed to the farmers through Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS -66,200) who draw their finances from Central Cooperative Banks (363) who in turn draw their finances from the State Cooperative Banks (29). The State Cooperative Banks draw their finances from NABARD. Cooperatives Role in Fertilizer Distribution Agriculture continues to be the mainstay of Indias national economy. Its contribution to Indias Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is about 30 per cent. Nearly two thirds of the population still depends on this sector directly or indirectly. Self-sufficiency in food grains has been the basic objective of Indias policy on agriculture. Food grain reduction has increased from the level of 52 thousand tones in 1951-52 to 199 million tonnes in 1996-97. However, the food grain production declined to 193 million tonnes in 1997-98. The present population of the country is about 960 million and is likely to touch 1000 million by the turn of this century. To feed this level of population, India has to produce 208 million tonnes of food grains from the present level of 193 million tonnes which is; no doubt, a gigantic task The vital role of fertilizers in increasing agricultural production is well recognized. Since, the land man ratio is declining due to increasing population; the additional food gra in production has to come by increasing the productivity of land under cultivation. Adoption of modern agricultural practices is the only way for increasing agricultural productivity. This calls for application of inputs like chemical fertilizers, high yielding seeds and pesticides besides use of mechanical equipments like seed-cum-fertilizer drills, sprayers, pump sets etc. Chemical fertilizers are very costly, particularly the phosphatic and potassic ones which have been decontrolled w.e.f 25th August, 1992. Urea, of course, is relatively low priced due to grant of subsidy by GOI. However, unless balanced trients are applied, the productivity cannot be sustained. Fertilizer Distribution Channels Fertilizers are produced/ imported at about 200 locations in the country and distributed to the farmers scattered through the length and breadth of the country in about 600,000 villages through a network comprising of private and institutional channels. Some quantities are also made available through manufacturers own outlets. Private trade accounts for about 60 per cent of the total fertilizers distributed in the country followed by institutional agencies at 35 per cent and remaining 5 percent through the manufacturers own outlets. Among the institutional agencies, cooperatives are the main agency which alone account for nearly 30% of the total fertilizer business. The total number of fertilizer sale points in the country is 262,000; out of which about 71,000 (27%) are institutional agencies sale points (mainly cooperatives) and the remaining 1, 91,000 (73 %) are controlled by the private trade. Cooperative Channels Cooperatives are the main institutional agency in the country handling fertilizers. Cooperative network, at present, comprises of 29 state level marketing federations, 171 district level marketing societies and about 66,200 village level cooperative societies. These village level cooperative societies are generally called Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS). These societies are the backbone of the cooperative marketing system. These societies are well spread in the entire country covering 97 % of the 0.6 million villages and 95 % of the farming families. The other main institutional agencies engaged in the distribution of fertilizers are State Agro-Industries Development Corporations, Commodity Federations and State Departments of Agriculture etc. They operate both through their own sale depots as well as through the private dealers network. However, their share is only marginal. The cooperative structure differs from state to state and societies at different levels (district/taluka/village) perform different functions in different states. Generally, the cooperative network operates through a 3 tier system. However, in some states such as Haryana, the cooperative marketing system operates on 2 tier basis, while in some others like Gujarat a 4 tier system exists. At the state level, Apex Cooperative Marketing Federations act as wholesalers; marketing societies at district/taluka level as sub-wholesalers while PACS, PAMS (Primary Agricultural Marketing Societies) at grass root level act as retailers. The function of State level Apex Cooperative Marketing Federations differ from state to state. In some states, the Federations are actively involved in fertilizer business like Gujarat, Haryana, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh etc. and they act as the wholesalers for the entire State. In some States like Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), they are not directly involved in the fertilizer business and do the job of liaison and coordination only for which they are getting service charges from the fertilizer suppliers. In U.P., the State Federation is also doing warehousing as well as transportation job both for IFFCO and KRIBHCO (The only manufacturers in the cooperative sector). In the States where Federation is not involved in fertilizer business, the manufacturers are supplying fertilizers directly to the lower societies at the district/village level and the societies are getting full or near full distribution margin which has improved the financial health of these societies. CURRENT COOPERATIVE FERTILISER DISTRIBUTION STATUS Presently, in Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, J K, H.P. and Assam, in the cooperative sector, fertiliser supplies are made to the Apex Coop. Marketing Federations only and they act as wholesalers. Direct supplies are not there at all. Only small quantities under the special scheme like IFFCO-NCDC scheme in Haryana and IFFCO societies adoption programme in M.P. are supplied directly to the societies. In these states district level societies operate as sub-wholesalers. In the states like Punjab, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa A.P. and Kerala, both the systems i.e. supply through federation as well as direct supply to the societies are prevalent. As a result, some of the societies at the lower levels are getting supplies directly from the manufacturers while others are getting from the Federations. However, in the states of U.P. and Bihar, supplies of fertilisers are made to the village level societies directly by the manufacturers. In states where state level federations act as wholesalers, the manufacturer has to deal with only one agency. Consequently, the job of sales planning, movement and stocks planning, realisation of sales proceeds etc. becomes very easy. In states where manufacturer deals with the lower tier cooperatives directly, the volume of work increases many fold and it becomes much more complex. The material has to be released to individual societies and the sales proceeds realisation has also to be done at that level only. This requires deployment of larger field force. Decentralised release system leads to establishing larger number of warehouses and correspondingly larger inventory. This all increases the operating cost. Manufacturers Own Outlets Some manufacturers viz. IFFCO, KRIBHCO, GSFC, GNFC and NFL have their own retail outlets called Farmers Service Centres or Service Centres or Farm Information Centres etc. In these outlets, agricultural inputs like fertilisers, seeds, agro-chemicals and agricultural implements etc. are made available to the farmers under one roof along with agricultural production technology literature. The main motto of these service centres is not only to provide all quality agro-inputs to the farmers but also educating them on scientific agricultural by providing technical know how in the field of agriculture. This help the farmers in increasing their agricultural productivity and profitability. Promotion activities are also carried out in the villages located around these centres ( within radius of 8-10 kms) which includes demonstrations, farmers meetings, soil test campaigns, crop seminars etc. In addition, social campaigns like tree plantations, medical check-up, veterinary check up etc. are also organised. They also serve the purpose additional/alternative distribution channel for the organisation. POLICY PLANNING OF COOPERATION DEPARTMENT The Department of Cooperation is responsible for promotion and development of Cooperatives, which have been recognised as an instrument of planned economic development and all-round socio-economic transformation, particularly in rural areas of the State. The Department formulates policies in this behalf and prepares plans to execute the policies. The Department has reoriented its policies during the last four years, 1997-2000 to enhance professional competence, encourage adoption of modern methods of management and to introduce required structural, administrative and techno-legal reforms in Cooperatives to meet the challenges of economic liberalization and globalization in the country. Some of the Policies are: Promotion and Development of Cooperatives The Department has so far pursued a policy of providing catalytic assistance, which include financial and technical assistance, to all Cooperatives in the State, irrespective of the fact whether they were involved in execution of policies and programmes of the Government or not. This policy has now been reforme